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Earth Science By Tarbuck > Matter and Minerals > Flashcards

Matter and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

study of minerals

A

Mineralogy

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2
Q

any naturally occurring inorganic solid that possesses an orderly crystalline structure
and a definite chemical composition that allows for some
variation.

A

Mineral

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3
Q

Minerals form through natural geologic processes. Synthetic materials— meaning those produced in a laboratory or by human intervention—are not considered minerals.

A

Naturally Occurring

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4
Q

Inorganic crystalline solids

A

Generally Inorganic

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5
Q

Only solid crystalline substances are considered minerals.

A

Solid substance

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6
Q

Minerals are crystalline substances, which means their atoms (ions) are arranged in an orderly, repetitive manner

A

Orderly Crystalline structure

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7
Q

Minerals are chemical compounds having compositions that can be expressed by a chemical formula.

A

Definite chemical composition that allows for some variation

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8
Q

Regularly shaped objects

A

Crystals

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9
Q

Any solid mass of mineral, or mineral-like, matter that occurs naturally as part of our planet.

A

Rock

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10
Q

minerals are joined in such a way that their individual properties are retained.

A

Aggregate

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11
Q

all matter, including minerals, is composed of minute building blocks

A

Atoms

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12
Q

a stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge

A

Proton

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13
Q

an uncharged elementary particle that has a mass nearly equal to that of the proton

A

Neutron

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14
Q

a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids.

A

Electron

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15
Q

physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. Electric charge can be positive or negative.

A

Electrical charge

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16
Q

electrons show that they move about the nucleus in regions

A

Principal shells

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17
Q

a single electron or one of two or more electrons in the outer shell of an atom that is responsible for the chemical properties of the atom

A

Valance electrons

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18
Q

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

A

Atomic Number

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19
Q

a group of the same kind of atoms

A

Element

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20
Q

Elements are organized so that those with similar properties line up in columns, referred to as groups.

A

Periodic Table

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21
Q

Most elements join with atoms of other elements

A

Chemical compounds

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22
Q

Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence electrons

A

Octet Rule

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23
Q

a transfer or sharing of electrons that allows each atom to attain a full valence shell of electrons.

A

Chemical bond

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24
Q

one atom gives up one or more of its valence electrons to another atom to form ions. An attraction of oppositely charged ions to one another, producing an electrically neutral ionic compound.

A

Ionic bond

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25
Q

positively and negatively charged atoms

A

Ions

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26
Q

a chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms

A

Covalent bond

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27
Q

a chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms

A

Metallic bond

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28
Q

they can be hammered into thin sheets

A

Malleable

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29
Q

they can be drawn into thin wires

A

Ductile

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30
Q

a material’s behavior when electromagnetic radiation (light) is incident on the material’s surface

A

Optical Properties

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31
Q

The appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral

A

Luster

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32
Q

Minerals that have the appearance of metals, regardless of color

A

Metallic luster

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33
Q

the luster of a mineral which reflects light from its surface but does not shine like a metal

A

Nonmetallic luster

34
Q

Ability of the mineral to be either opaque, translucent, or transparent

A

Ability to transmit light

35
Q

it is considered a diagnostic property of only a few minerals.

A

Color

36
Q

The color of a mineral in powdered form

A

Streak

37
Q

the common or characteristic shape of individual crystals or aggregates of crystals.

A

Crystal shape or habit

38
Q

How easily minerals break or deform under stress

A

Mineral strength

39
Q

a measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching.

A

Hardness

40
Q

A numerical value of hardness which consists of 10 minerals arranged in order from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest),

A

Mohs Scale of hardness

41
Q

the tendency of a mineral to break (cleave) along planes of weak bonding.

A

Cleavage

42
Q

Appearance of a surface broken in directions other than along cleavage planes. Minerals that have chemical bonds that are equally, or nearly equally, strong in all directions

A

Fracture

43
Q

describes a mineral’s resistance to breaking, bending, cutting, or other forms of deformation.

A

Tenacity

44
Q

materials that can be cut into thin shavings

A

Sectile

45
Q

Materials that will bend and snap back to their original shape after stress is released.

A

Elastic

46
Q

an important property of matter, is defined as mass per unit volume.

A

Density

47
Q

a number representing the ratio of a mineral’s weight to the weight of an equal volume of water.

A

Specific Gravity

48
Q

on certain minerals where a light ray enters the crystal and splits up into two separate rays

A

Double Refraction

49
Q

Chemical reaction where small bubbles of gas escape from a liquid.

A

Effervescence

50
Q

Minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earth’s crust

A

Rock-forming minerals

51
Q

Although less abundant, many other minerals are used extensively in the manufacture of products

A

Economic minerals

52
Q

oxygen (O), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg).

A

8 major elements in the crust

53
Q

silicon and oxygen are by far the most common elements in Earth’s crust. Furthermore, these two elements readily combine to form the basic “building block” for the most common mineral group

A

Silicates

54
Q

minerals that are not composed of silicate groups. These minerals may contain oxygen atoms but not in combination with silicon.

A

Non-silicates

55
Q

those minerals that contain [SiO4]−4 as the fundamental unit of their chemistry and structure.

A

Silicate minerals

56
Q

This structure consists of four oxygen atoms surrounding a much smaller silicon atom,

A

Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

57
Q

Cleavage: none and silicate structure: single tetrahedra

A

Olivine Group

58
Q

Cleavage: two planes at 90 degrees and silicate structure: single chains

A

Pyroxene group (Augite)

59
Q

Cleavage: two planes at 60 and 120 degrees and silicate structure: double chains

A

Amphibole Group (Hornblende)

60
Q

Cleavage: one plane and silicate structure: sheets

A

Mica (Biotite)

61
Q

Cleavage: one plane and silicate structure: sheets

A

Mica (Muscovite)

62
Q

Cleavage: two planes at 90 degrees and silicate structure: 3D framework

A

Potassium Feldspar (Orthoclase)

63
Q

Cleavage: two planes at 90 degrees and silicate structure: 3D framework

A

Plagioclase Feldspar

64
Q

Cleavage: none and silicate structure: 3D framework

A

Quartz

65
Q

Generally light in color and having a specific gravity of about 2.7, contain varying amounts of aluminum, potassium, calcium, and sodium.

A

Light Silicate Minerals

66
Q

The most abundant mineral group. One group of feldspar minerals contains potassium ions in its crystalline structure and is referred to as potassium feldspar. The other group, called plagioclase feldspar, contains calcium and/or sodium ions

A

Feldspars

67
Q

a major constituent of many igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Found in a wide variety of colors (caused by impurities), quite hard (7 on the Mohs scale) and exhibits conchoidal fracture when broken

A

Quartz

68
Q

light silicates that typically form as products of chemical weathering of igneous rocks. They make up much of the surface material we call soil

A

Clay Minerals

69
Q

contain iron and magnesium in their crystalline structures and high specific gravity, which is between 3.2 and 3.6, significantly greater than the specific gravity of the light silicate minerals.

A

Dark Silicate Minerals

70
Q

Abundant in Earth’s upper mantle, black to olive green in color, has a glassy luster, and often forms small crystals which gives it a granular appearance

A

Olivine Group

71
Q

a group of dark silicate minerals that are important components of dark-colored igneous rocks. The most common member, augite, is a black, opaque mineral with two directions of cleavage that meet at nearly 90-degree angles

A

Pyroxene Group (Augite)

72
Q

the most common of which is hornblende, is usually dark green to black in color. Its cleavage angles are about 60 degrees and 120 degrees. Found in igneous rocks, hornblende makes up the dark portion of otherwise light colored rocks.

A

Amphibole Group (Hornblende)

73
Q

the dark, iron-rich member of the mica family and its shiny appearance helps distinguish it from other dark silicate minerals.

A

Biotite

74
Q

Another dark silicate is garnet. Much like olivine, it has a glassy luster, lacks cleavage, and exhibits conchoidal fracture.

A

Garnet

75
Q

minerals are typically divided into groups, based on the negatively charged ion or complex ion that the members have in common. Make up only about 8 percent of Earth’s crust

A

Non-silicate minerals

76
Q

made from just a single element, bonded to itself

A

Native Elements

77
Q

can be replenished over relatively short time spans.

A

Renewable Resources

78
Q

the processes that create them are so slow that significant deposits take millions of years to accumulate.

A

Non-renewable Resources

79
Q

All discovered and undiscovered deposits
of a useful mineral that can be extracted now or at some
time in the future.

A

Mineral Resources

80
Q

a naturally occurring concentration of one or more metallic minerals that can be extracted economically.

A

Ore deposit

81
Q

a precious or semiprecious stone, especially one cut, polished, and used in a piece of jewelry.

A

Gemstones

Earth Science By Tarbuck (3 decks)

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