Psychology Chapter 6

Question 1

Regarding associative learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Associative learning involves the formation of simple associations between two stimuli.

Humans share the important capacity for associative learning with many other species.

Learning includes changes due to motivation, fatigue, and maturation.

Associative learning requires relatively little awareness or subjective thought.

Answer 1

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Question 2

The proper order of events required for classical conditioning to occur is

US—CS—CR.

CS—UR—CR.

US—UR—CS.

CS—US—UR.

Answer 2

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Question 3

Through behavioral therapy, Jennifer was able to extinguish her fear of dogs and to actually pet a dog without tensing up. However, Jennifer has a new neighbor with a large dog that growled at her the first time she tried to pet it. Now, Jennifer’s fearfulness toward all dogs has returned. This reoccurrence of her past fear is an example of

spontaneous recovery.

stimulus generalization.

response chaining.

stimulus control.

Answer 3

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Question 4

Michael is 12 years old and is undergoing chemotherapy treatment. after his first chemotherapy treatment, Michael experienced nausea and vomiting. After several treatments, Michael now experiences anticipatory nausea as soon as he enters the treatment room and before he receives the chemotherapy. In this classical conditioning example, Michael’s initial chemotherapy treatment would be considered the

unconditioned response.

conditioned stimulus.

unconditioned stimulus.

conditioned response.

Answer 4

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Question 5

Richard tells his new joke to three different people, and each one of them laughs. Because telling the joke led to laughter, which Richard enjoys, Richard will be more likely to tell this joke to other people. This situation illustrates

the law of effect.

classical conditioning.

the law of association.

vicarious conditioning.

Answer 5

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Question 6

Brian likes the attention of friends when they are out together. He likes telling stories, getting laughs and wows from his friends. One day he is looking at his phone while telling his usual stories rather than having eye contact with his friends. They pay less attention and stop responding to his stories. Soon he learns to stop looking at his phone when telling stories. He does this because of

negative punishment.

positive reinforcement.

positive punishment.

negative reinforcement.

Answer 6

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Question 7

Because you fed your dog table scraps while sitting at the kitchen table, your dog began to jump up and beg for scraps whenever you were eating dinner at the kitchen table. Lately, your dog has also begun to jump up and beg for scraps whenever you sit at any table or desk in the house. Your dog is exhibiting

operant stimulus discrimination.

stimulus shaping.

response cost.

operant stimulus generalization.

Answer 7

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Question 8

You are training a rat to press a bar. Instead of waiting for the rat’s first accidental bar press, you reinforce the rat with a food pellet for facing the bar and then turning toward the bar. Next, you reinforce the rat every time he takes a step toward the bar, until he touches the bar. Lastly, you reinforce the rat for pressing the bar. You are

using secondary reinforcement with the rat.

using latent learning to train the rat.

fading the rat’s behavior.

shaping the rat’s behavior.

Answer 8

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Question 9

Sieta wants to teach her daughter to say “Please” when she asks for something, so she decides to only comply with her daughter’s request for something when her daughter says “Please.” Thus, Sieta’s compliance to her daughter’s request is

the conditioned stimulus.

response contingent.

a negative reinforcer.

inconsistent.

Answer 9

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Question 10

The best batters in baseball rarely get a hit more than an average of three out of every 10 times they are at bat. These batters are on which schedule of reinforcement?

variable ratio

fixed ratio

fixed interval

variable interval

continuous

Answer 10

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Question 11

Which of the following might serve as a secondary reinforcer?

grades

a pain-relieving drug

food

sex

Answer 11

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Question 12

In a drug rehabilitation center, the residents earn points for attending therapy sessions on time, writing in their journals, and performing their designated chores. These points can be used to gain various privileges or tangible items. This drug rehabilitation center is using

a time-out system.

a token economy.

systematic desensitization.

an EMDR program.

Answer 12

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Question 13

Which of the following increases the likelihood that a new response learned through modeling will be repeated?

if the model praised the learner for observing the behavior

if the model is seen in a setting familiar to the learner

if the learner saw the behavior performed more than once

if the model is admired by and similar in age to the learner

Answer 13

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Question 14

Fatima is small for her age and fairly shy, so she is quiet in school and doesn’t respond when her middle school classmates tease her. But Fatima is a different person online. She tracks other people who seem smaller and more vulnerable than her and posts nasty comments on their social media accounts and “likes” mean comments posted by others. Which term describes Fatima’s actions outside of school?

desensitization

escape learning

disinhibition

electronic aggression

Answer 14

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Question 15

According to Bloom’s taxonomy, there are six ways that we work with the different types of knowledge. What is the sixth way?

conceptual

analyzing

creating

evaluating

Answer 15

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Question 16

Linda and Darren work in the same office, where they are learning to use new software. Linda believes that if she works hard, she will master it, which she usually does. Darren thinks that Linda was just “born smart”. When Linda struggles with it, she tries harder. When Darren struggles with it, he tends to give up.

Linda exhibits a _______.

mindset built on praise

fixed mindset

pure mindset

growth mindset

Answer 16

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Question 17

Discovery instruction generally provides learners with

the ability for passive learning through exploration.

the ability for active learning through exploration.

rote learning strategies.

presentation or lectures about information.

Answer 17

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Question 18

Self-recording is important in managing your own behavior because

you need to know when you are over-rewarding yourself.

simply knowing that you are reaching a goal is rewarding.

it helps establish the response chain.

you cannot learn anything without rewards.

Answer 18

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Question 19

from Knock Wood! article:

How did Skinner answer those that argued that a certain behavior was a result of our highly evolved consciousness or intellectual abilities?

It only appears this way because psychologists have not identified the reinforcers that have created and maintained the behavior.

There are some human behaviors that are not created and maintained through the principles of learning.

Those behaviors may actually be learned through classical rather than operant conditioning.

Those behaviors may be uniquely human and so the process of their learning may be difficult to study in the other species with which psychologists work.

Answer 19

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Question 20

Professor Ryan’s class is having trouble in Anatomy and Physiology with learning all the terms and structures that they have to learn. She suggests that the students look at their strengths and weaknesses in learning this kind of material. She tells them to try different strategies and see what works, then adjust their strategy if it isn’t working. Professor Ryan is encouraging students to use which learning strategy?

testing yourself

spacing out learning

being reflective

metacognitive

Answer 20

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