Module 5-8

Question 1

ecological validity

Answer 1

external validity

Question 2

naturalistic observation

Answer 2

direct data collection in the wild withour intervention

Question 3

participant observer

Answer 3

hidden or disgused or undisguised person interact with the community and particpants

Question 4

structured observations

Answer 4

participants repsond to situtation formed by researchers

Question 5

field experiment

Answer 5

carried out in natural settign rather then a lab

ex: dressing homeless and seeing ppl react

Question 6

structured observation

Answer 6

weak internal, strong external

Question 7

population validity

Answer 7

the extent we can generalize our finding to the public

Question 8

systematic sampling

Answer 8

selecting every nth person

Question 9

Event sampling

Answer 9

Event sampling, also called frequency counts, involves observation of targeted behaviours or specific events

Question 10

Non probability sampling

Answer 10

finding ppl to survey that are easy to reach

Question 11

snowball sampling

Answer 11

particpants recruit other ppl

Question 12

stratified sampling

Answer 12

divides group in non overlaping groups

Question 13

categorical variables+ ex

Answer 13

Variable representing distinct, non-overlapping categories or groups of individuals, which are distinguished by a specific characteristic
Ex: These can be simple binary categories like whether participants drink alcohol (1 = No, 2 = Yes) or more complex variables like drinking habits (1 = Never, 2 = Rarely, 3 = Frequently).

Question 14

Nominal variable

Answer 14

most basic type of variable and simply name categories. There is no numeric or ordered relationship between the categories or values, and as such, the order in which they are presented and how they are numbered is based on convenience.

Question 15

Ordinal Variable

Answer 15

also involve naming categories, although these variables have an ordered relationship. These would be variables like income level (low, medium, or high) or medals at the Olympics (bronze, silver, gold). A category of an ordinal variable can be ranked higher or lower than another, but this does tell us anything about the numerical difference between each category.

Question 16

Interval Variable (2)

Answer 16

• Variable measured by order with equal distances between each interval on the scale.
• do not have a true zero

Question 17

Ratio Variable (2)

Answer 17

• represent real numbers with consistent intervals between values. However, numbers used to describe ratio variables also have a real zero
• can perform multiplication and division

Question 18

Opinion and belief data have several limitations

Answer 18

reliability, scocial desirability

Question 19

social desirability

Answer 19

A kind of response bias wherein study participants maximize what they believe are “good” responses and minimize what they believe to be “bad” or undesirable responses.

Question 20

Behaviour data+ex+limitations

Answer 20

The behavioural data we collect should reflect an individual’s actions or activities. If we are interested in substance use, we may ask an individual how many times they have drunk alcohol in the last two weeks, and how many drinks they had each time on average. The goal is to develop measures of the activities of our participants.
- limitations: memory+ behavior does not always imply intention

Question 21

Biological data

Answer 21

Consists of biological markers that can be used in research. These can include bodily fluids such as blood, recordings of bodily reactions such as skin conductance (electrical reaction of skin) or electrocardiogram (ECG- a type of heart monitor), or scans of the body such as with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI- a scan of brain activity).

Question 22

Primary Data

Answer 22

Data collected by the researchers themselves rather than obtained from others

Question 23

Inter-rater reliability

Answer 23

The extent to which raters agree and provide consistent estimates of the same behavior.

Question 24

Surveys are typically designed to collect information in three main areas: (3)

Answer 24

1. demographic
2. dependent variable as well as the independent variable (IV)
3. Confounds

Question 25

Secondary data

Answer 25

Data collected by another person for another purpose that is used in new research.

Question 26

Replication Crisis

Answer 26

Ongoing discussion in the field about the challenges of replicating findings using similar techniques but different groups of people.

Question 27

Low dispersion is problematic because

Answer 27

it makes it more difficult to compare the difference between groups when they are of very different sizes.

Question 28

For quantitative variables, both interval and ratio, we are able to use a statistic called

Answer 28

Standard deviation

Question 29

Nominal data strongest measure of Central tendency)

Answer 29

Mode

Question 30

Ordinal data strongest measure of Central tendency)

Answer 30

Median

Question 31

Interval/ratio data strongest measure of Central tendency)

Answer 31

mean

Question 32

Methods for identifying dispersion for ordinal/nominal

Answer 32

graph/chart

Question 33

Methods for identifying dispersion for interval/ratio

Answer 33

Standard deviation

Question 34

Web scraping techniques

Answer 34

Data collection techniques that download feeds from social media sites like Facebook and Twitter.

Question 35

evaluation

Answer 35

a process of forming judgments and making decisions based on a variety of measurements

Question 36

Scientific bias

Answer 36

any systematic differences between the results of a study and the “truth,” and is assessed by examining test data.

Question 37

two types of test bias:

Answer 37

content bias and testing situation bias

Question 38

content bias

Answer 38

occurs if test items favor one group of individuals over another group

Question 39

Item response theory

Answer 39

models the probability that a person with a given level of ability will correctly answer an item with certain characteristics, such as the spatial nature of this item.

Question 40

computerized adaptive testing

Answer 40

allows for adjusting item difficulty to the ability level of an individual.

Question 41

Distinctiveness

Answer 41

distinct numeric values may be assigned to individuals who belong to different classes of a characteristic being measured.

Question 42

ordering in magnitude

Answer 42

assigned numeric values represent the degree of measured characteristics, with lower values signifying a lower degree of a characteristic and higher values signifying a higher degree of that characteristic.

Question 43

classical test theory

Answer 43

postulates that every measurement consists of two elements: the true score and a measurement error

Question 44

measurement reliability

Answer 44

the extent to which a measurement is repeatable and free of measurement error

Question 45

construct validity:

Answer 45

The degree of overlap between a theoretical construct and the measurement instrument.

Question 46

content validity:

Answer 46

Extent to which a measure represents all features of a given construct.

Question 47

criterion validity:

Answer 47

A relation between a measure intended to assess a certain construct and other measures that assess the same construct.

Question 48

comprehensive narrative:

Answer 48

Recording as much data as possible.

Question 49

participant observation

Answer 49

Disguised or undisguised observer interacts with a community of interest.

Question 50

structured observations:

Answer 50

Participants respond to a situation framed by the researcher.

Question 51

systematic sampling

Answer 51

Selecting every nth person, behavior, or situation to observe.
- researchers select members of the population at a regular interval