327-M4 - Police Oversight and Accountability

Question 1

What are the three principles that govern use of force?

Answer 1

1. Proportionality
2. Necessity
3. Reasonableness

Question 2

What does the criminal code say about police’s use of force?

Answer 2

must be reasonable and duty-bound

Question 3

What is the history of the models of police force use?

Answer 3

used to be highly variable, inconsistent, rigid, and linear

Question 4

Explain the…

National Use of Force Framework (NUFF)

just what it is

Answer 4

How an officer assesses, plans, and responds to a given situation

Question 5

What 3 things should officers consider under the NUFF?

Answer 5

1. situation
2. subject’s behaviour
3. officer’s perceptions and tactical considerations

Question 6

The three principles that guide police use of force include:

Answer 6

1. proportionality
2. necessity
3. reasonableness

Question 7

What does the criminal code state about police use of force?

Answer 7

must be reasonable and duty-bound

Question 8

What are some characteristics of the historical models of police use of force?

Answer 8

variable, inconsistent, rigid, and linear

Question 9

What is the current model for police use of force?

Answer 9

National Use of Force Framework

Question 10

Explain

National Use of Force Framework (NUFF) - model

Answer 10

the ideal process of police officers assessing, planning, and responding to a situation

Question 11

What three things does NUFF want officers to consider (broadly)?

Answer 11

1. situation
2. subject’s behaviour
3. officer’s perceptions and tactical considerations

Question 12

Under the NUFF model, explain…

the core of the model, the situation

Answer 12

police have a duty to be continuously assess, planning, and acting

Question 13

Under the NUFF model, explain…

the behaviour of the suspect

Answer 13

ranges in intensity, from cooperative to grevious bodily harm/death

Question 14

Under the NUFF model, explain…

the Perception and tactical considerations of the officers

Answer 14

influential with all aspects of subject’s behaviour

Question 15

Under the NUFF model, explain…

communication

Answer 15

includes tone, body stance, language

Question 16

Under the NUFF model, explain…

physical control

Answer 16

without the use of a weapon, ranges from soft (physical subduing) –>hard (punches/kicks)

includes handcuffs

Question 17

Under the NUFF model, explain…

intermediate weapons

Answer 17

less lethal weapons that are not intended to cause serious harm or death e.g. batons, tear gas, pepper spray, conductive weapons, K9s

Question 18

Under the NUFF model, explain…

Lethal force

Answer 18

includes weapons and techniques that are intended or likely to cause reasonable harm, death.

Question 19

Explain the G20 summit

Answer 19

mostly peaceful protestors with some using Black Bloc tactics, police used excessive force and arrests based on a brand-new provincial law

Question 20

What are some mechanisms of police oversight/accountability?

Answer 20

1. internal investigations (more for bad publicity
2. criminal and civil liability (liable in court)
3. civilian oversight based on separate civilian comissions or review boards
4. commissions of inquiry
5. less formal mechanisms

Question 21

What are some requirements of an effective separate civilian commission of police behaviours?

Answer 21

• civilian-led
• universal injurisdiction
• given full powers of investigation

Question 22

name some less formal mechanisms of oversight of police behaviours

Answer 22

• emphasizing the constabulary ethic
• community feedback
• unflattering media exposure
• citizen surveilance
• body-worn videos

Question 23

define the constabulary ethic

Answer 23

the norms and values of ethical policing practice

Question 24

What are the four parts that influence procedural justice?

Answer 24

1. Voice: explanation from all sides of the story
2. Neutrality
3. Respect - regardless of situation
4. Trustworthiness - motivated by ethics