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BIOL150 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Write the general equations of photosynthesis

A

Plants, Algae, and Photosynthetic Bacteria: CO2 + 2 H2A + Light energy -> CH2O + A2 + H2O
Plants and Algae: CO2 + 2 H2O + Light energy -> CH2O + O2 + H2O
Carbohydrate produced is glucose: 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light Energy -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

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2
Q

Describe the general structure of chlorosplasts

A

Chloroplasts - a semiautonomous organelle found in plant and algal cells that carries out photosynthesis
Chloroplasts have an outer membrane, intermembrane, inner membrane (inside the chloroplasts: Granum, which is made of thylakoid membranes = thylakoid lumen), the stroma is the fluid-filled area surrounding the thylakoid membranes and encased by the inner membrane

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3
Q

Compare and contrast the two phases of photosynthesis: the light reactions and the Calvin Cycle

A

Light reactions require light, while the Calvin cycle does not
Light reactions occur in the thylakoids, while the Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma
Light reactions produce ATP and NADPH, while the Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to produce sugars
Light reactions produce oxygen, while the Calvin cycle uses carbon dioxide
Howeverrr, these both rely on each other to produce sugars and other organic molecules.

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4
Q

Describe the general properties of light

A

Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation
essential to support life on Earth
Electromagnetic radiation travels as waves caused by the oscillation of the electric and magnetic fields
Light has properties that are characteristic of particles - light is composed of discrete particles called photons (each photon contains a specific amount of energy)
Light travels in a straight line and is a form of energy (can be transformed into chemical energy - photosynthesis)

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5
Q

Identify where in the cell the light reactions take place

A

Light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

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6
Q

Explain how pigments absorb light energy and list the types of pigments found in plants and green algae

A

Pigments absorb light by exciting the electrons in their molecules or solids to higher energy levels. Some wavelengths of light energy are absorbed and others are reflected
Leaves look green because they reflect light energy with wavelengths in the green region of the visible spectrum
Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the pigments found in green plants and algae

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7
Q

Outline the steps in which photosystems 2 and 1 capture light energy and produce O2, ATP, and NADPH

A

Photosystem 2 happens first: light excited electrons in pigment molecules within the light-harvesting complex of PSII; oxidizes water, generating O2 and H+; electrons exit PSII and enter electron transport chain; energy used to make H+ electrochemical gradient
Photosystem I happens second: primary role to make NADPH; light hits light-harvesting complex of PSI; High energy electron is removed from pigment molecule and transferred to a primary electron acceptor; electrons transferred to NADP+ which also accepts an H+ to produce NADPH

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8
Q

Describe the process of ATP production in photosynthesis

A

Photophosphorylation: using the energy of the sunlight to form ATP from the phosphorylation of ADP
produced in stroma by ATP synthase using the H+ electrochemical gradient

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9
Q

Outline the three phases of the Calvin Cycle

A

Phase 1: Carbon Fixation; CO2 incorporated into RuBP using rubisco (RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase); Reaction product is a six-carbon intermediate that splits into two 3-phosphoglycerate molecules (3PG)
Phase 2: Reduction and Carbohydrate production; ATP is used to convert 3PG into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG); NADPH electrons reduce it to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P); 6 CO2 -> 12 G3P; only 2 G3P molecules used for carbohydrates and 10 are used for regeneration of RuBP
Phase 3: Regeneration of RuBP; 10 G3P are converted into 6 RuBP using 6 ATP

Calvin cycle begins by using carbon from an inorganic source and ends with organic molecules that will be used to make other molecules

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10
Q

Identify where in the cell the Calvin cycle reactions take place

A

the stroma of the chloroplast

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11
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process whereby light energy is captured by plant, algal, or photosynthetic bacterial cells and is used to synthesize molecules from CO2 and H2O (or H2S)

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12
Q

Chloroplast and chlorophyll

A

Chloroplast: a semiautonomous organelle found in plant and algal cells that carries out photosynthesis
Chlorophyll: a photosynthetic green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria

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13
Q

Thylakoid membrane

A

A membrane with the chloroplast that forms many flattened, fluid-filled tubules that enclose a single, convoluted compartment. The membrane contains chlorophyll and is the site where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occurs

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14
Q

Grana

A

AKA Granum: a structure composed of stacked membrane-bound thylakoids within a chloroplast

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15
Q

Lumen

A

The fluid-filled compartment within a thylakoid

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16
Q

Stroma

A

The fluid-filled region of the chloroplast between a thylakoid membrane and the inner membrane

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17
Q

Calvin Cycle: Light-independent reaction (dark reaction)

A

A set of reactions that occur during photosynthesis and carbon fixation to convert carbon dioxide into glucose

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18
Q

Calvin Cycle: Ribulose-1, 5- biphosphate (RuBp)

A

the molecule that starts the cycle

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19
Q

Calvin Cycle: Rubisco (Ribulose- 1, 5 - biphosphate carboxylase)

A

Rubisco is an enzyme that catalyzes the first major step of carbon fixation in the calvin cycle during photosynthesis.

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20
Q

Calvin Cycle: Fixation

A

This is the first step (carbon fixation) that reduces CO2. The CO2 binds to RuBP in the process of carbon fixation

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21
Q

Calvin Cycle: Triose

A

a 3-carbon sugar molecule that’s used to produce a 6-carbon sugar or to form ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)

22
Q

Calvin Cycle: 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA)

A

converted into molecules of glucose

23
Q

Calvin Cycle: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

A

Some of the G3P is used to regenerate the RuBP to continue the cycle, but some is available for molecular synthesis and is used to make fructose diphosphate

24
Q

Calvin Cycle: Fixation

A

This is the first step (carbon fixation) that reduces CO2. The CO2 binds to RuBP in the process of carbon fixation

25
Q

Calvin Cycle: Reduction

A

The second stage of the Calvin cycle, where 3-PG molecules are reduced to G3P

26
Q

Calvin Cycle: Regeneration

A

The third stage of the cycle: rearrangement of the remaining G3P molecules to regenerate the initial molecule, RuBP

27
Q

Light-Dependent Reaction: Photosystems 1 and 2

A

Photosystem 2 happens first: light excited electrons in pigment molecules within the light-harvesting complex of PSII; oxidizes water, generating O2 and H+; electrons exit PSII and enter electron transport chain; energy used to make H+ electrochemical gradient
Photosystem I happens second: primary role to make NADPH; light hits light-harvesting complex of PSI; High energy electron is removed from pigment molecule and transferred to a primary electron acceptor; electrons transferred to NADP+ which also accepts an H+ to produce NADPH

28
Q

Light-Dependent Reaction: Reaction Center

A

Thylakoid membrane

29
Q

Light-Dependent Reaction: Antennae

A

functions to gather the sunlight and channel it to the reaction center

30
Q

Light-Dependent Reaction: Oxidation

A

oxidation is the process that converts light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis
Water molecules are oxidized to produce oxygen gas and electrons

31
Q

Light-Dependent Reaction: Electron Transport Chain

A

helps convert light energy into chemical energy that can be used by the plant
transfers electrons from water to NADP+, producing oxygen and NADPH; NADPH is a reduced electron carrier that provides electrons for the calvin cycle
creates a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane, pumping H+ ions from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen
allows the electrons to lose some of their energy as they move down the chain preventing them from damaging the cell

32
Q

Light-Dependent Reaction: Cytochrome

A

uses the electron energy from photosystem 2 to pump the ions of hydrogen from the lumen to stroma; later, this energy allows the ATP synthase to bind the third phosphate group to the ADP molecule, which then forms the ATP

33
Q

Light-Dependent Reaction: NADP+, NADPH, ADP, ATP

A

NADP+ : a type of coenzyme that’s useful in photosynthesis as it can accept and deliver electrons
NADPH: used to provide the chemical energy to fuel the calvin cycle and keep it going
ADP: one of the reactants in phosphorylation that forms ATP using the energy of the sunlight
ATP: used to make sugars in the calvin cycle (light reactions provide energy for the dark reactions)

34
Q

What is the overall purpose of the Calvin Cycle?

A

Convert carbon dioxide molecules from the atmosphere into organic molecules, particularly glucose, which serves as an energy source for the organism
uses ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to drive the chemical reactions

35
Q

What products are used from the light reactions?

A

ATP and NADPH

36
Q

Where do the light-dependent reactions occur? What about the Calvin cycle?

A

Light reactions: thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
Calvin cycle: stroma of the chloroplasts

37
Q

What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis? How does this compare to cellular respiration?

A

Photosynthesis: reactants (sunlight + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O) Products = (C6H12O6 +6 O2)
Cellular respiration: reactants (glucose and oxygen) products = (carbon dioxide, water, and ATP)

38
Q

What molecules are oxidized, and which are reduced?

A

Photosynthesis: Water is oxidized, and carbon dioxide is reduced
Cellular respiration: glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced

39
Q

How do mitochondria and chloroplast work together in plants to sustain life?

A

Chloroplasts capture sunlight and convert it into glucose through photosynthesis. Mitochondria break down the glucose and produce energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration

40
Q

What would happen if there were no water available for a plant? Be specific.

A

Water is needed for photosynthesis during the light reactions, so the light reactions would not be able to perform without water.

41
Q

What would happen if Photosystem I were broken? What about Photosystem II?

A

If photosystem II were broken, photosynthesis would not happen at all because the products from II are used in photosystem I. Chloroplast will not produce ATP or NADPH

42
Q

How many Calvin cycles are required to create one glucose molecule? Why? How much ATP/NADPH is required

A

6 turns because there are 6 carbon atoms in the carbohydrate molecule (glucose)

43
Q

Why is there oxygen in the atmosphere?

A

Oxygen is a biproduct of photosynthesis

44
Q

How does chlorophyll absorb light energy?

A

different pigment molecules absorb the light energy used to drive photosynthesis: chlorophyll a and b
both chlorophylls absorb light most strongly in the red and violet parts of the visible spectrum and absorb green light poorly (green light is reflected, which is why leaves appear green during the growing season)

45
Q

What high energy molecule is the final product of photosynthesis?
a. Oxygen
b. ATP
c. NADPH
d. Glucose
e. Water

A

d. Glucose

46
Q

Where is the chlorophyll located in a plant?
a. Cristae
b. Plasma membrane of the cell
c. Outer membrane of the chloroplast
d. Thylakoid membrane
e. Stroma

A

d. thylakoid membrane

47
Q

What is the function of Rubisco?
a. Absorption of photon energy
b. Harvesting electrons from water
c. Reduction of NADP+
d. Chemiosmosis
e. Carbon fixation

A

e. Carbon fixation

48
Q

A particle of light is a ____.
a. Wave
b. Grana
c. Photon
d. Proton
e. Newton

A

c. Photon

49
Q

Photosynthetic bacteria have chlorophyll embedded in their chloroplasts.
a. This is true
b. This is false

A

B. This is false
Explanation: they have chlorophyll pigment scattered in their cytoplasm rather than chloroplasts

50
Q

The end-product of photosynthesis is the starting material of cellular respiration.
a. This is true
b. This is false

A

A. This is true
Explanation: photosynthesis uses energy from the sun, water and carbon dioxide to make glucose and oxygen. Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water

51
Q

Atrazine is a chemical that blocks the electron from leaving photosystem II. What would be the
immediate effect on the plant?
a. Prevent photon absorption
b. Blocks electron harvesting from water
c. Prevents ATP synthesis
d. Blocks carbon dioxide absorption
e. None of the above

A

c. Prevents ATP synthesis

52
Q

Location of photosynthesis vs cellular respiration

A

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria

BIOL150 (15 decks)

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