(LANGUAGE METHODS) Lexis and Semantics Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Proper Noun

A

Names of people, places or organisations. E.g. Paris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Abstract Noun

A

Concepts, ideas, emotions. Intangible. E.g. Sadness, Hope, Happiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Concrete Nouns

A

Tangible. E.g. Table, Shoe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Collective Nouns

A

Plurals. E.g. Flock of Birds, Pride of Lions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Personal Pronoun

A

I, you, she, they,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Demonstrative Pronoun

A

This, these, that, those.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Relative Pronoun

A

Who, whom, which, that.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reflexive Pronoun

A

Myself, themselves, yourself.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Possessive Pronoun

A

My, your, his.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Material Verbs

A

Describing action or events. E.g. fought, hit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Relational Verbs

A

States of being. E.g. were, seem, become.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mental Verbs

A

Thought and speech. E.g. pondered, think, love.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dynamic Verbs

A

Where something changes. E.g. remove, paint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stative Verbs

A

Nothing changes. E.g. believe, hold, love.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Transitive Verbs

A

Require an object. E.g. Give, see.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Intransitive Verbs

A

Don’t require an object. E.g die, sleep, yawn.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Auxiliary Verbs

A

Additional, Supplementary. Something that helps/gives assistance. Assists main verb in a verb phrase. E.g. I WAS running. I SHOULD eat more greens.

18
Q

Primary Auxiliaries (e.g. be, do, have)

A

Often used to distinguish tense.

19
Q

Modal Auxiliaries

A

Show possibility, probability, certainty, obligation or necessity and will always be attached to a main verb. E.g. you may leave now. You ought to say sorry. I will eat that cake.

20
Q

Preposition

A

Show relation in terms of time or place. E.g. before, in, under.

21
Q

Conjunction

A

Joins two subordinate clauses together. E.g. And, because, so.

22
Q

Determiner

A

In front of nouns to add detail or to clarify.

23
Q

Adjectives

A

Add details to nouns.

24
Q

Adverbs

A

Describes verbs. E.g. QUICKLY moved. SUDDENLY jumped.

25
Q

Lexical Words

A

‘Meat’ of a language. Have explicit meanings and new additions to these word classes are always appearing. E.g. table, bird, fear.

26
Q

Functional Words

A

Have less explicit meanings and serve to highlight the relationships between other words. New additions are rare. E.g. the, before, they, since, and.

27
Q

Lexical Cohesion

A

Using words to make a text flow.

28
Q

Lexical Connectors

A

Words like therefore, firstly, later.

29
Q

Anaphoric Referencing

A

Noun before pronoun. E.g. TOM was tired. HE hadn’t slept well at all.

30
Q

Cataphoric Referencing

A

Pronoun before noun. E.g. When HE woke up, TOM was still tired.

31
Q

Ellipsis

A

Straight to the point. E.g. Where did you go last year? PORTUGAL

32
Q

Substituting

A

Changing one set of lexical items for another. E.g. MY MOBILE PHONE is so out of date. I must look into getting a NEWER MODEL.

33
Q

Semantics

A

Refers to the study of meaning and how meaning is created within texts. Also concerned with the relationship between lexical items.

34
Q

(Semantic Relationships): synonymy

A

Words with similar semantic value. E.g. cry and wail

35
Q

(Semantic Relationships): Antonymy

A

Words with opposite semantic value. E.g. Life and Death.

36
Q

(Semantic Relationships): Hyponymy

A

Hierarchy of lexical items from more general to more specific. E.g. Animals -> Mammal -> Canine -> Dog -> Cocker Spaniel.

37
Q

Euphemism

A

Mild or indirect expression used instead of one that is considered in some way offensive, painful or unpleasant. E.g. passed away.

38
Q

Dysphemism

A

A use of language that emphasises unpleasantness. E.g. kicked the bucket.

39
Q

Complementary and Gradable Antonyms

A

Complementary Antonyms represent true opposites (e.g. True and False) however Gradable Antonyms can be considered in terms of degree (e.g. Short and Long).

40
Q

Figurative Language

A

Things like ACOASTMAP. Figurative Language is beyond the literal. E.g. similes, metaphors, personification, idiom (e.g. it’s raining cats and dogs).

41
Q

Epistemic Modality

A

Likelihood and certainty - possibility of things being true. E.g. you MUST be starving.

42
Q

Deontic Modality

A

Possibility and necessity in terms of freedom to act (including permission and duty). E.g. You MUST leave now.