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Anatomy and Physiology 2141 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skin and what does it do?

A

the skin is an organ that insulates, cushions, protects, prevents water loss and regulates the body temperature

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2
Q

Most superficial layer; 20-30 layers of dead cells, essentially flat membtanous sacs filled with keratin. Glycolipids in extracellular space

A

Stratum Corneum

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3
Q

One to fiver layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating; cytoplasm full of lamellar granules and keratohyaline granules

A

Stratum Granuiosum

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4
Q

Several layer of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin

A

Stratum Spinosum

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5
Q

Deepest epidermal layer; one row of actively miotic stem cells, som newly formed cells become apart of the more superficial layers. See occasional melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells

A

Stratum Basale

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6
Q

Accessory Organs of the Skin

A

Nails, Hair, Cutaneous glands

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7
Q

What are the two different cutaneous glands

A

Sudoriferous and sebaceous

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8
Q

Artho-

A

Joint

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9
Q

Syn-

A

With or together

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10
Q

Sym-

A

a variation of syn - a growing together

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11
Q

Di-

A

Two or double

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12
Q

Amphi-

A

Two or both

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13
Q

-Arthroses

A

Articulation or joint

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14
Q

-Chondro

A

Cartilage

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15
Q

-Hold bones together
- allow body movements

A

Articulations

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16
Q

What are the three structural types of joints

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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17
Q

What are the three functional types of joints

A

Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, Diarthoses

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18
Q

Synarthroses

A

Immovable ( axial skeleton - both cartilaginous and fibrous)

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19
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

Slightly moveable ( axial skeleton - cartilaginous )

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20
Q

Diarthroses

A

Freely moveable ( limbs - synovial )

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21
Q

What are fibrous Joints

A
  • they have NO joint cavity
  • Immovable
  • major types
    1. Suture joints
    2. Syndesmoses
    3. gomphosis
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22
Q

very short connective tissue fibers held together with very short, interconnecting fibers and bone edges (found only in skull)

A

suture joints

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23
Q

short ligament of dense fibers
Joint held together by a ligament. fibrous tissues can very in length but is longer than sutures

A

Syndesmoses

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24
Q

Short peridontal ligament

A

Gomphosis

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25
Q

cartilaginous joints

A
  • most are slightly moveable
  • No joint cavity
  • two main types: Synchondroses and symphyses
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26
Q

Bones united by hyaline cartilage

A

synchondroses

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27
Q

bones united by fibrocartilage

A

symphyses

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28
Q
  • Freely moveable
  • joint cavity containing fluid
A

Synovial joints

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29
Q

Types of synovial joints

A
  1. plane
  2. hinge
  3. Pivot
  4. Condyloid
  5. Saddle
  6. Ball and socket
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30
Q

Allows sliding (nonaxial) movements in 1 or 2 planes
eg. inter-carpal and inter-tarsal joints

A

plane

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31
Q

Allows movement in 1 plane (uniaxial) - flexion and extension
eg. elbow and interphalangeal

A

Hinge

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32
Q

Basic Structure of the Skin

A

An epidermis made of epithelium
A dermis made of connective tissue

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33
Q

What are the two layers that make up the dermal papillae

A

Papillary layer and the reticular layer

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34
Q

Allows rotational movement in 1 axis
e.g Proximal radioulnar joint and the joint between the atlas and axis

A

Pivot

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35
Q

Allows biaxial movements in 2 planes
e.g wrist (radiocarpa) and knuckles

A

condyloid

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36
Q

Allows movement in 2 planes

A

Saddle

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37
Q

Allows multiaxial movement

A

Ball and Socket
e.g Shoulder and hip joints

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38
Q

Decreases the angle of joint. reduces distance between two bones

A

Flexion

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39
Q

Increases angle of a joint. Increases distance between two bones

A

Extension

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40
Q

Increasing angle greater than 180 degrees

A

Hyperextension

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41
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Foot move upwards

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42
Q

Foot moes downward

A

Plantar flexion

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43
Q

limb moves away from the middline

A

Abduction

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44
Q

Limb moves toward the midline

A

Adduction

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45
Q

Move bone arounds it longitudial axis

A

Rotation

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46
Q

A combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

A

Circumduction

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47
Q

Radius and ulnar move parallel

A

Supination

48
Q

Radius moves across ulna

A

Pronation

49
Q

Turn foot medial

A

Inversion

50
Q

Turn foot laterally

A

Eversion

51
Q

anterior movement in a transverse plane

A

Protraction

52
Q

Posteriror movement in a transverse plane

A

Retraction

53
Q

Moving abody part superiorly

A

Elevation

54
Q

Moveing a body part inferiorly

A

Depression

55
Q

Touch thumb to finger tips - made possible by thumb saddle joint

A

oppposition

56
Q

What are the articulating bones of the skull

A

Cranial and Facial bones

57
Q

What structural type is the skull

A

Fibrous; suture

58
Q

What movements are allow in the skull

A

Synarthrotic; no Movement

59
Q

What are the articulating bones in the tempromandibular joint

A

temporal bone if the skull and the mandible

60
Q

What strucutral type is the tempromandibular joint?

A

Synovial; modified hinge

61
Q

What is the functional type / movements allowed in the temporomandibular join

A

Diarthrotics; gliding uniaxial, rotiation etc

62
Q

What ar the articulating bones in the Atlantoaxial joints

A

Occipital bone of skull and atlas

63
Q

What is the structural type in the atlantoaxial joint

A

Synovial; condylar

64
Q

What functional type/ allowed movements are there in the atlantoaxial joint

A

Diarthrotic; uniaxial; rotation of the head

65
Q

What are the articualting bones of the intervretabral joints

A

Atlas C1 and Axis C2

66
Q

What is the strucutral type for the intervertabral joints

A

Synovial; pivot

67
Q

what is hte most freely moveable join in the body

A

The hip joint (ball and socket)

68
Q

what are the ligaments that strap the hip socket in place

A

Illiofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral
Ligamentum teres

69
Q

What is the largest and most complex joint of the body

A

the knee joint

70
Q

what are the three ligaments in the knee joint where the articular capsule is absent

A

Patellar Ligament
Medial patellar retinacula
Lateral patellar retinacula

71
Q

Bone —> bone =

A

Ligament

72
Q

Bone —> muscle =

A

Tendon

73
Q

What are similarities between sundial joints

A

1.they have anarticular fibrous capsule + synovial membrane

2.Have an articulate cartilage covering the bone surface

3.Have reinforcing ligaments
4. Many have fibrocartilage pads within capsule

74
Q

Type of Cartilaginous Joints

A

Synchondroses and Symphyses

75
Q

Types of Fibrous joints

A
  1. Suture
  2. Syndesmosis
  3. Gomphosis
76
Q

Types of Synovial Joints

A
  1. Ball and socket
  2. Condyloid
  3. Hinge
  4. Pivot
  5. Saddle
77
Q

how many Skeletal Muscles are there in the body

A

640

78
Q

What are the muscles responsible for movement

A

Agonists

79
Q

what are the muscles that oppose or reverse a movement, also sometimes responsible for a prime movement

A

Antagonist

80
Q

What are the muscles that reduce unnecessary movement

A

Synergist

81
Q

What are specialized synergist that stabilize the antagonists

A

Fixator

82
Q

Every Muscle is attached to bone at how many points?

A

2

83
Q

What is the stationary point of attachment

A

Origin

84
Q

What is the moveable point of attachment

A

Insertion

85
Q

When a muscle Contracts the _______ moves towards the ______

A

Contracts, Insertion; origin

86
Q

Muscles are named on the basis of what 7 factors

A
  1. Muscle fiber direction
  2. Relative size of muscle
  3. Location of Muscles
  4. Number of origins
  5. Location of origin and insertion
  6. Shape of muscle
  7. action of muscle
87
Q

What is the muscle of the arm

A

Brachialis Muscle

88
Q

what is the muscle of the arm along the radius bone

A

Brachioradialis Muscle

89
Q

Muscle near the surface that bends that fingers

A

Flexor digitorum Superficialis

90
Q
  • Chewing muscle
  • Muscle that closes jaw and elevates mandible
A

Masseter

91
Q

Wing-like of the sphenoid bone

A

Pterygoid

92
Q
  • Bugle (trumpet or blowing muscle)
  • Compresses cheek
A

Buccinator

93
Q

Muscle that elevates and retracts the mandible

A

Temporalis

94
Q

Muscle that closes and purses lips (kissing, whistling)

A

Obicularis Oris

95
Q

muscle that Protracts jaw (grinding)

A

Lateral Pterygoid

96
Q

Muscle that elevates jaw
- grinding synergist of temporalis and masseter

A

Medial Pterygoid

97
Q

Deltoid

A

Triangular

98
Q

Trapezius

A

Trapezoid

99
Q

right angles

A

Transverse of oblique

100
Q

Aponeurosis

A

A thin sheet-like tendon that attaches muscle to bone

101
Q

What is the function of the frontal belly or Frontalis

A

Raises eyebrows

102
Q

What is the function of the obicularis oculi Muscle

A

Blinking and Squinting

103
Q

What is the function of the corugator supercili muscle

A

Scowling

104
Q

What is the function of the Zygomaticus muscle

A

Smiling

105
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the head

A
  1. Frontalis
  2. Orbicularis oris
  3. Corugator supercili
  4. Zygomaticus
  5. Depressor anguli oris
  6. Playtsma
  7. Sternoclediomastoid
106
Q

What is the function of the depressor anguli oris

A

“sad mouth”

107
Q

What is the function of the Platysma

A

Sad mouth and depresses mandible

108
Q

What is the function of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle

A

Flexion to resist head flopping back when lying down

109
Q

what muscle Runs from the mandible to the hyoid bone, forms the floor of mouth; elevates tounge while swallowing

A

Mylohyoid Muscle

110
Q

what muscle has (two bellies) elevates hyoid and dpresses the mandible to open the mouth

A

Diagastric muscle

111
Q

what muscle Runs from the styloid to the hyoid elevates hyoid during swallowing

A

Stylohyoid Muscle

112
Q

what muscle Runs from the sternum to the hyoid, depresses hyoid

A

Sternohyoid muscle

113
Q

what muscle Depresses hyoid

A

Sternothyroid, Omohyoid and Thyrohyoid Muscle

114
Q

What muscles are the prime movers of the arm

A

Deltoid and the pectoralis major

115
Q

What muscle raises the arm

A

Serratus anterior

116
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology 2141 (7 decks)

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