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General Biology 1 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the surface area in a cell?

A

It determines the amount of substances that can pass the cell boundary per unit time.

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2
Q

What is the function of volume in a cell?

A

It determines the amount of chemical activity in the cell per unit time

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3
Q

Prokaryotic cells are a part of which domains?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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4
Q

In Bacteria and Archaea, what are the characteristics of the organisms?

A

-Unicellular
-Lack of internal compartments
-nucleus that is not membrane-bound (nucleoid)

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4
Q

What is the domain of eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukarya

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5
Q

What are the 4 kingdoms of Eukarya?

A

Protist , Plants, Fungi and Animal

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the organisms in Eukarya?

A

-Unicellular or multicellular
-Many membrane-bound compartments
-Has a nucleus

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7
Q

What do all prokaryotic cells have (constitution)?

A

-Plasma membrane
-Nucleoid region with one circular strand of DNA
-Cytoplasm containing dissolved enzymes, water, and small molecules
-70S (small) ribosomes for making proteins

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8
Q

What do most prokaryotes have?

A

-Cell wall (outside the plasma membrane) made of peptidoglycan

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9
Q

What do some prokaryotes have?

A

-Outer membrane (outside the cell wall)
-Caspsule (outside cell wall or outer membrane)
-Photosynthetic pigments (i.e., cyanobacteria)

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10
Q

What are flagella made for and made of?

A

-Cause movement of the cell
-Made of flagellin

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11
Q

What are pili for?

A

Help bacteria adhere to one another, to other cells, or to environmental surfaces

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12
Q

What differentiates eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

A

-Much larger (10X)
-Have organelles

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13
Q

What are the 2 main cells?

A

Animal and plant cells

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14
Q

What is usually the biggest organelle in the eukaryotic cell?

A

nucleus

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15
Q

What surrounds the nucleus?

A

The nuclear envelope (phospholipid bilayer)

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16
Q

Where in the nucleus are ribosomes made?

A

Nucleolus

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17
Q

Which size are the eukaryotic ribosomes?

A

80S

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18
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

RNA and proteins

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19
Q

Where can ribosomes be found?

A

Free-floating or attached to RER

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20
Q

What the job of nuclear pores?

A

Control what goes in and out of the cell

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21
Q

Which organelles have DNA?

A

Nucleus (most of DNA), mitochondria and chloroplast

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22
Q

DNA associates with protein to form what?

A

Chromatin

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23
Q

What does chromatin do?

A

It condenses to form chromosomes when getting ready for cell division

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24
Q

What constitutes the endomembrane system?

A

-All membranes
- Plasma membrane
- Nuclear envelope
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- lysosomes

25
Q

Why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum described as “rough”?

A

It has 80S ribosomes on its surface (since ribosomes means make proteins)

26
Q

What is the RER’s role in the cell?

A
  • Make proteins
  • Modify proteins
  • Fold proteins
  • Transport proteins to other regions
27
Q

What is SER’s role in the cell?

A
  • Make lipids
  • Some detoxification
28
Q

What composes the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • flattened sacs (cisternae)
  • Small vesicles
29
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A
  • Receives proteins from RER and modifies them more
  • Packages and sorts proteins
  • In plants, uses polysaccharides to make cell walls
30
Q

What happens in the cis region of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Receives vesicles

31
Q

What happens in the trans region of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Releases vesicles

32
Q

What happens in the lysosomes?

A

There are digestive enzymes that hydrolyze macromolecules into monomers

33
Q

Where are primary lysosomes made?

A

In the Golgi apparatus

34
Q

How does food come in the molecule?

A

Food (from outside of the molecule) enters the cell by phagocytosis, forming a phagosome

35
Q

How are secondary lysosomes formed?

A

Phagosomes + primary lysosome=secondary lysosome

36
Q

What is the meaning of exocytosis?

A

Getting wastes out of the cell

37
Q

Facts about mitochondria:

A
  • double-membrane bound
  • 1 circular strand of DNA
  • 70S ribosomes
  • Makes ATP
38
Q

What is ATP?

A

An energy-rich molecule

39
Q

In what organisms can chloraplast be found?

A

Plants and photosynthetic protists

40
Q

Facts about chloroplast:

A
  • Double-membrane bound
  • One circular strand of DNA
  • Do phostosynthesis
41
Q

Where can vacuoles be found and what are they for?

A

They can be found in plants and alga cells and they store water in the cells

42
Q

What is the cytoskeleton for?

A

Provides:
- strength
- shape
- movement

43
Q

What are the proteins that compose the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microtubules
44
Q

What are microfilaments made of and what are their role?

A
  • Made of actin
  • Provide movement and strengthen the cellular structure
45
Q

What are intermadiate filaments made of and what are their role?

A
  • Made of keratin
  • Provide strength to the cell attachments
46
Q

What are microtubules made of and what are their role?

A
  • Made of tubulin
  • Provide movement (push and pulling)
47
Q

How are cilia and flagella made?

A

Microtubules in a 9+2 pattern

48
Q

How are cilia and flagella anchored on the cell?

A

With a basal body made of microtubules in a “9triplets”

49
Q

What type of movement does cilia provide?

A

short stiff power strokes

50
Q

What type of movement does flagella provide?

A

Snake-like movement

51
Q

What composes centrioles?

A

“9triplets” of microtubules

52
Q

What is the role of centrioles in the cell?

A

Formation of the mitotic spindle

53
Q

What is called a pair of centrioles?

A

Centrosome

54
Q

Where do chromosomes attach during cell division?

A

mitotic spindle

55
Q

What is extracellular matrix?

A

Anything that is outside the cell

56
Q

What is the extracellular matrix for the plant?

A

Cell wall made of cellulose

57
Q

Fungi’s cell wall are made of what?

A

Chitin

58
Q

How are cell walls important for water organisms?

A

Helps withstand high osmotic pressure

59
Q

What is the extracellular matrix of animals?

A

Protein collagen and other glycoproteins

60
Q
A

General Biology 1 (11 decks)

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