Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fall 2023 Physical Agents > Week 5 Electro Therapy > Flashcards

Week 5 Electro Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

4 Principles of Electricity

A
  1. two types of charges + and -
  2. Like charges repel while opposites attract
  3. Charges are neither created nor destroyed
  4. Charges can be transferred from 1 object to another
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cathode=

A

negatively charged poll

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anode=

A

Positively charged poll

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Voltage =

A

Force of attraction or repulsion created by an electrical field represents potential energy

  • Greater the force the greater the potential energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Voltage in the body is created by….

A

uneven distribution of charged particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

If charges are equal on each side of the membrane the will have (blank) voltage

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Conductors of the body

A

water/body fluids
nerves
muscle tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Insulators of the body

A

Fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Current =

A

The movement of ions/electrons in repones to voltage force
- Ampere
- Milliamperes
Microcurrent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

I= V/R
Current= Voltage/resistance
- More resistance to current the less current there will be

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Capacitance

A

Current flowing in an insulated area with high resistance will slow and charge will start to store in that area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Impedance

A

Resistance to the flow of alternating current
- Clinically gels and adhesives conductive agents help decrease impedance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Areas of high fact act as insulators and will (blank) electrical stimulation trasnmissions

A

Impede

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Waveforms

A

A depiction of the characteristics that describe a current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Direct Current

A
  • Continuous unidirectional flow of electrons for at least 1 second

Types of direct current= interrupted, reversed, interrupted/reversed

  • Clinical considerations= one electrode positive and one electrode negative

-Clinical uses= used less frequently in rehab than other current types, iontophoresis, wound care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Alternating Current

A
  • Uninterrupted bidirectional flow of electrons, must change direction at least once per second
  • Frequency= rate AC current changes direct
  • Cycles per second= hertz (Hz)
  • clinical uses= use of pure sinusoidal AC current is not common
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Russian Current

A

Burst of modulated AC current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Interferential Current

A

Amplitude modulated AC current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pulsed Current

A

Unidirectional or Bidirectional flow of electrons that periodically ceases for a short time period, the interphase/interpulse interval before the next event or pulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Burst PC

A

2 or more pulses separated from the next series of pulses
- Burst frequency= frequency bursts are generated
- Carrier Frequency= frequency of underlying waveform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Duty Cycle

A

on-time/total time (on time + off time) x 100%

Examples:
on time 10 seconds, off time 40 seconds (10:40) duty cycle = 10/10+40 x100% = 20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Phase charge

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pulse Charge

A

Charge within a single pulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 3 commonly used currents that result in a net + or - charge

A
  • direct current
  • monophasic pulsed current
  • Asymmetrical unbalanced biphasic current
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the electrothermal effects of electrical current in body tissue?

A
  • As charged particles flow through a conductor friction occurs as they meet resistance and produce kinetic energy which produces heat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

T/F there is more of a concern with DC than a concern for AC or pulsed current

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the levels of response to Electrical Stimulation?

A

1st= sensory- 1st perception of electrical stimulus: stimulation of A-beta sensory fibers in the superficial dermis

2nd= motor- increased electrical stimulus causes A- alpha motor neurons to depolarize and elicit a motor response: motor response proportional to intensity of stimulus : initial motor response may appear ass a muscle twitch or fasciculation

3rd= Noxious- further increase in intensity or duration beyond that capable of eliciting a sensory or motor response stimulates pain receptors - A-delta and C fiber are excited and elicit noxious sensation : sometimes used for therapeutic purpose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Action potentials are……..

A

All or nothing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

High Volt Pulsed Current (HVPC)

A
  • continuous, reciprocating, or surge, monophasic
  • used for pain modulation, tissue repair, wound healing
30
Q

Interferential Current (IFC)

A
  • quadripolar or bipolar set-ups available on most devices
  • used primarily for pain modulation
31
Q

Russian Current (Burst Modulation) is used for….

A

Variation of AC used for strengthening muscles

32
Q

Low-Intensity DC (microcurrent) is used for

A
  • Does not stimulate sensory/motor nerves
  • Used for tissue repair, wound healing
33
Q

Symmetrical/Asymmetrical Biphasic PC used for

A
  • used for muscle stimulation, pain modulation
  • Little to no difference in effectiveness for muscle stimulation using symmetrical biphasic PC vs. Russian
34
Q

Voltage and current are (blank) proportional

A

directly

35
Q

Constant Current

A

Maintains a constant flow of current by modulating voltage
- may be a better choice for treatment as intensity is maintained closer to the level required for therapeutic purposes

36
Q

Disposable Electrodes

A
  • many shapes and sizes, reusable for multiple applications
  • 18-20 applications
37
Q

Flexible electrodes

A

carbonized silicon rubber, reusable, pliable with good conductivity

38
Q

Metal Electrodes

A

wet sponge between metal and tissue, great conductor, lack flexibility

39
Q

Large Electrodes

A
  • Lower current density= more comfortable
  • appropriate for larger muscles and treatment areas
  • may cause overflow to non-target areas if too large
40
Q

Smaller Electrodes

A
  • Higher current density
  • high levels of stimulation intensity with small electrodes may cause uncomfortable burning sensation
  • appropriate for smaller muscles and treatment areas
41
Q

Wider electrode spacing allows….

A
  • allows for increased current density
  • allows currents to travel deeper and reach deeper tissues
  • -> reach motor nerves and muscles
    –> activate more motor units in NMES
    –> activate more sensory fibers in TENS
42
Q

Electrode Configurations

A
  • Bipolar= 2 active electrodes
  • Monopolar= 1 active
  • Quadripolar= 4 active
43
Q

Bipolar Electrode Configuration

A
  • most common
  • commonly used for muscle activation/ pain modulation
44
Q

Quadripolar Electrode Configuration

A
  • 4 electrodes of 2 separate circuits over target tissue
  • Interferential current for pain modulation most commo application
45
Q

NMES

A
  • Neuromuscular stimulation
  • for muscle strengthening
46
Q

TENS

A

-Transcutaneous nerve stimulation
- for pain modulation

47
Q

FES

A
  • functional electrical stimulation
  • Neuro re-education or functional training
48
Q

CONTRAINDICATIONS for ES and Iontophoresis

A
  1. The trunk or heart region of patients with demand-type pacemakers or implantable cardioverter defibrillators
  2. carotid bodies
  3. patients with phrenic nerve or urinary bladder stimulators
  4. Areas of known peripheral vascular disease, including arterial or venous thrombosis or thrombophlebitis
  5. the phrenic nerves, eyes or gonads
  6. Areas of active osteomyelitis
  7. areas of hemorrhage
49
Q

Pregnancy ES

A
  • electrical effects of electrical stimulation on the fetus or uterus are not clearly known
    –> Caution is recommended
  • Unknown effects of ES on fetal health should be disclosed to the patient
50
Q

PRECAUTIONS for ES and Iontophoresis

A
  • Patients without intact sensation
  • unable to communicate or with compromised mental or cognitive ability
  • with cardiac dysfunction
  • Over neoplasms (active or previous)
  • Electrodes should not be placed over: compromised skin , tissue vulnerable to hemorrhage or hematoma , cervical or craniofacial regions in patients who have a history of CVA or seizures
  • do not use ES within 5 yards of diathermy units or other sources of electromagnetic radiation
51
Q

What is Iontophoresis?

A

Using electrical current to drive medication through the skin to the target tissue

52
Q

Clinical Uses for Iontophoresis

A
  • soft tissue inflammatory conditions
  • neuralgia
  • edema
    -ischemic skin ulcers
    hyperhidrosis
  • plantar warts
  • calcific tendonitis
  • scar tissue
  • other connective tissue disorders
53
Q

Physiology of Iontophoresis: Electroporation

A
  • increases in polarity of superficial skin in response to ES allows medication to enter the target tissue more easily
53
Q

Physiology of Iontophoresis: Electromigration

A
  • Using ES to move charge ions into the target tissue
  • Like charges repel, opposite charges attract
53
Q

Physiology of Iontophoresis: Electroosmotic flow

A
  • when positive and negative electrodes applied to skin, ions of positive charge in the extracellular fluid attracted to the cathode and ions of negative charge attracted to the anode
  • Creates bulk movement of solute in response to the electrical field and helps move ions into the tissue
  • Human skin contains net negative charge, direction of electroosmotic flow is from the anode to the cathode
    –> assists in delivery of positive medications
    –> hinders delivery of negative medications
54
Q

Two important aspects of application of Iontophoresis

A
  1. know the polarity of the ion or drug to be used
  2. Have a good conductivity so there is not a chemical burn under the electrode
55
Q

Selecting an Ion: Inflammation

A
  1. Drug= dexamethasone
  2. Polarity= Negative
  3. Effect= anti-inflammatory
56
Q

Selecting an Ion: Calcific tendonitis, myositis ossification

A
  1. Drug= Acetic acid
  2. Polarity= negative
  3. effect= increases solubility of calcium deposits
57
Q

Selecting an Ion: Adhesive capsulitis/ soft tissue adhesion

A
  1. Drug= iodine
  2. Polarity = negative
  3. effect= sclerolytic effect
58
Q

Selecting an Ion: Soft tissue and Inflammation

A
  1. Drug= Lidocaine
  2. Polarity= positive
  3. Effect = local anesthetic effect
59
Q

Selecting an Ion: Muscle and joint pain

A
  1. Drug= salicylates
  2. Polarity= negative
  3. effect=analgesic and anti-inflammatory
60
Q

Selecting an Ion: Local substance or chronic edema

A
  1. Hyaluronidase
  2. polarity positive
  3. effect= dispersion of local edema
61
Q

Selecting an Ion: Skeletal Muscle Spasms

A
  1. Calcium Chloride
  2. polarity positive
  3. effect= decreased excitability of peripheral nerves and skeletal muscle
62
Q

Selecting an Ion: skeletal muscle spasms /myositis

A
  1. Magnesium Sulfate
  2. polarity positive
  3. effect= muscle relaxant
63
Q

Selecting an Ion: Skin ulcers

A
  1. zinc oxide
  2. polarity positive
  3. General antiseptic; increase tissue healing
64
Q

Selecting an Ion: Hyperhidrosis

A
  1. Tap water
  2. polarity alternating
  3. effect= dec sweating palms, feet or axillae
65
Q

Cathode conductive surface area should be

A

> anode up to 2x the area

66
Q

Where should the active/treatment electrode go directly over?

A

directly over the treatment area
- Inactive electrode distant from the treatment electrode

67
Q

T/F when electrodes are spaced further apart they will increase the depth of the current and drug penetration

A

True

68
Q

Iontophoresis Dosage equation

A

dosage (mA min)= current (mA) x duration (min)
typical dosage ranges from 20-80 mA min

69
Q
A

Fall 2023 Physical Agents (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions