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PSY2105- Child Development > Chapter 1- Background & Theories Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1- Background & Theories Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is developmental psychology?

A

Is concerned with changes in behaviour and abilities that occur as development proceeds

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2
Q

What are the two goals of developmental psychology? Explain them

2pts

A
  • Description: Identify children’s behaviour at various developmental points
  • Explanation: Determine the causes and processes that govern developmental change
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3
Q

Early Theorists:

What did John Locke believe?

3pts

A
  • Children gain knowledge through experience and learning
  • Environmentalist point of view: children are products of their environment and upbringing
  • “Tabula rasa”: the mind is a blank slate at birth (suggesting that all behaviors are learned)
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4
Q

Early Theorists:

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe?

Give an example

2pt

A
  • Argued that children are born with innate knowledge that drives development (nativism) and children are drawn to certain things of their innate knowledge

Ex- a baby may know exactly who their mom is

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5
Q

Early theorists:

What did Johann Gottfried Von Herder believe?

1pt

A
  • Examining and evaluating the specifics of a culture is crucial to understanding human development (cultural relativism)
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6
Q

Early theorists:

Who is Charles Darwin?

3pts

A
  • Developed concept of “natural selection”
    –> Traits that confer advantages allow the organism to survive
  • Theory gave rise to concept of recapitulation
  • Employed early baby biography research method
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7
Q

Early theorist- Charles Darwin:

Name the concept:

  • As people develop, they repeat behaviours of their evolutionary ancestors.
  • The development of the embryo of every species repeats the evolutionary development of that species fully.
  • You see the same patterns happening overtime
A

Recapitulation

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8
Q

Early theorist- Charles Darwin:

Name the concept:

  • The process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change
  • Variations in individuals in populations have traits better suited to certain environments that others.
  • Those with adaptive traits that give them more advantage, are more likely to survive and reproduce
A

Natural selection

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9
Q

Pioneers of child psychology:

Who is G. Stanley Hall?

2pts

A
  • Father of child psychology
  • Founded the field of developmental psychology
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10
Q

Pioneers of child psychology:

Who is James Mark Baldwin?

1pt

A
  • First Canadian academic psychologist to study development
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11
Q

Pioneers of child psychology:

Who is John B. Watson?

3pts

A
  • Focused research on observable behaviour
    • Behaviorist theory of development
    • Development results from conditioning and learning
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12
Q

Pioneers of child psychology:

Who is Arnold Gesell?

2pts

A
  • Focused on biological and maturational processes
  • Produced age-related norms for development
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13
Q

Pioneers of child psychology:

Who is Sigmund Freud?

2pts

A
  • Focused on early childhood experiences
  • Proposed a five-stage theory of psychosexual development
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14
Q

Pioneers of child psychology:

What did Sigmund Freud propose in his five-stage theory of psychosexual development ?

5pts

A
  • Children are born with innate sexual energy (libido)
  • At various stages of development, libido is focused within certain bodily regions called erogenous zones
  • Stimulation of these regions results in pleasure and gratification
  • Stages include: oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital
  • Children move from stage to stage; failure to do so results in being fixated within a stage
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15
Q

Pioneers of child psychology:

What did Sigmund Freud propose about fixation in his five-stage theory of psychosexual development ?

2pts

A
  • Inappropriate childhood experiences cause a child to become fixated (stuck) in the earlier stage
    -This fixation will manifest itself in later adult
    behaviour
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16
Q

Pioneers of child psychology:

What is the most complex stage in Sigmund Freud’s five-stage theory of psychosexual development ? Why?

3pts

A

Most complex stage is the phallic stage:

  • Oedipus complex (for boys) & Electra complex (for girls): The attachment/unconscious sexual desire of the child to the parent of the opposite sex, accompanied by envious/ competition and aggressive feelings toward the parent of the same sex.
  • Repression: repressing/exclusion of distressing memories, thoughts or feelings from the conscious mind.
  • Identification: an individual makes themselves like someone else, identifies with another person –> a person changes their public behaviour and their private beliefs, but only while they are in the presence of the group they are identifying with
17
Q

Pioneers of child psychology:

  • First developmental theorist to propose that development represents an interaction between biological systems and environmental influences (BLANK perspective)
    • Suggested that early childhood experiences are critical for adulthood
      -spurred others to test his theories and to develop their own theories

Who am I? Fill in the bank.

A
  • Sigmund Freud
  • Interactionist
18
Q

Pioneers of child psychology:

Who is Erik Erikson?

2pts

A

-Expanded Freuds stages; proposed an eight-stage model
-Focused on social and cultural influences on development (psychosocial model)

19
Q

Pioneers of child psychology:

Stages of development of Erikson and Freud- What is the first stage?

Provide age, characteristics/explanation for each

3pts

A

Age: birth- 1.5

  • Trust vs Mistrust: infant must form trusting relationships with caregivers. If care is inadequate, mistrust develops instead

-Oral: Libido is located at the mouth principal source of physical pleasure is sucking

20
Q

Pioneers of child psychology:

Stages of development of Erikson and Freud- What is the second stage?

3pts

A

Age: 1.5- 3

  • Autonomy vs Shame/doubt : As they master various skills- walking, toileting etc, children begin to develop feelings of autonomy and self-control. Failure to meet expectations can lead to shame and doubt.

-Anal: child attains physical pleasure from having bowel movements and later from withholding them.

21
Q

Pioneers of child psychology:

Stages of development of Erikson and Freud- What is the third stage?

Provide age, characteristics/explanation for each

A

Age: 3-6

  • Initiative vs guilt: Children take more initiative in dealing with their environment, but may experience guilt, as a result of conflicts with caregivers
  • Phallic: Libido moves to the genital area. Children become sexually attracted to the parent of the opposite sex but views the same sex parent as competition/ a powerful rival. Resolving this conflicts involves forcing the libido into the unconscious and trying to adopt the characteristics of the same-sex parent.
22
Q

Pioneers of child psychology:

Stages of development of Erikson and Freud- What is the fourth stage?

Provide age, characteristics/explanation for each

A

Age: 6-12

  • Industry vs inferiority: School-age children develop industry by successfully dealing with demands to learn new skills; failure leads to feelings of inferiority
  • Latency: libido remains repressed and inactive
23
Q

Pioneers of child psychology:

Stages of development of Erikson and Freud- What is the fifth stage?

Provide age, characteristics/explanation for each

A

Age: 12-18

-Identity vs Role confusion: Teenagers must develop a sense of identity in various areas, such as occupation and gender, or risk role confusion in adulthood

-Genital: Libido re-emerges in the genital area; child again develops attraction towards the opposite sex- this time directed towards peers.

24
Q

Pioneers of child psychology:

Stages of development of Erikson:

What is the name of the stage ‘young adult’?

1pt

A

Intimacy vs isolation: young adults must form intimate relationships or suffer from loneliness and isolation

25
Q

Pioneers of child psychology:

Stages of development of Erikson:

What is the name of the stage ‘adult’?

1pt

A

Generativity vs stagnation: adults must find ways to support future generations, through child rearing or other productive activities, or come to a standstill in their lives.

26
Q

Pioneers of child psychology:

Stages of development of Erikson:

What is the name of the stage ‘older adult’?

1pt

A

Ego integrity vs Despair: Older adults must come to feel a sense of fulfillment in life or experience despair as they face death.

27
Q

Issues in developmental psychology:

Does developmental change occur due to biological factors or environmental factors?

What concept/issue am i?

A

Nature vs Nurture

28
Q

Issues in developmental psychology:

Is developmental change smooth and constant
(BLANK) or stage-like (BLANK)?

What concept/issue am i?

A

Continuity vs. Discontinuity

-continuous, discontinuous

29
Q

Issues in developmental psychology:

Is the focus of the researcher on universals of
development (BLANK) or on individual differences (BLANK)?

What concept/issue am I?

A

Normative vs. Idiographic

-normative, idiographic

30
Q

Theories of development:

Developmental psychologists align themselves with 4 specific theoretical approaches, what are they?

A
  • Cognitive-developmental approach
  • Sociocultural approach
  • Environmental/learning approach
  • Evolutionary and biological approach

PSY2105- Child Development (18 decks)

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