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Cell and Molecular Biology > Module 1 Vocab > Flashcards

Module 1 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Gene

A

Specific nucleotide sequence that encodes a gene product that regulates the characteristics/ traits in an organism

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2
Q

Allele

A

Different varients of the same gene encoding for a slightly different phenotype

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3
Q

Chromosome

A

A condensed body of dsDNA in which genes are overlaid

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4
Q

Genome

A

The full set of chromosomes in a eukaryotic organism (23 in humans)

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5
Q

Heredity

A

Passing the genetic information from one generation to the next

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6
Q

Genotype

A

The two alleles of a gene that we inherit

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7
Q

Phenotype

A

The exhibited traits that are encoded in the genome

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8
Q

Karyotype

A

The full set of color coated chromsomes in a cell

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9
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA tightly packed around nucleosome protein complex, has a flexible structure

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10
Q

Nucleosome

A

The basic structure of chromatin organization formed by histones

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11
Q

Histones

A

Family of proteins rich in amine groups that come together to form nucleosomes

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12
Q

Histone Acetylation is associated with?

A

Open promotors/increased expression

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13
Q

Histone Deacetylation is associated with?

A

Tighter packing of nucleosomes

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14
Q

DNA methylation is associated with?

A

Inactivated DNA

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15
Q

DNA methylase

A

Adds the methyl (CH3) group to cytosine

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16
Q

Heterochromatin Specific Histone Modification

A

Allows for the formation and spread of heterochromatin, continues until it meets barrier DNA

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17
Q

X chromosome inactivation

A

Causes lyonization where a different x chromosome is inactivated in different embryonic cells causing a myraid of phenotype expression

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18
Q

Xist

A

X inactive specific transcript, inactivates an x chromosome

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19
Q

Epigenetics

A

Mechanism of gene regulation that can be stably inherite through mitosis, but is established without changing the DNA sequence

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20
Q

Co-IP

A

A method used to remove entire complexes of intact proteins with antibodies and magnetic beads

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21
Q

ChIP

A

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation is a technique used to determine specific regionis of DNA with specific chromatin modification through the use of antibodies and magnetic to purify DNA

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22
Q

Combinatorial Code

A

The difference in expression of genes in different cells of the same organism

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23
Q

Central Dogma of Genetics

A

Genetic information directs the synthesis of the final gene product

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24
Q

Transcription

A

The first step in gene expression, makes RNA 5’ to 3’ while reading DNA 3’ to 5’

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25
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNAs, code for proteins

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26
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNAs, form the core of the ribosome’s structure and catalyze protein synthesis

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27
Q

miRNA

A

Micro RNAs, regulate gene expression and targets complementary mRNA for destruction

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28
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNAs, serve as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids during protein synthesis

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29
Q

Promoter

A

A regulatory sequence located prior to the transcription start site that defines the direction of transcription and identifies the template DNA strand

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30
Q

RNA polymerase

A

A primer independent molecule that transcribes pre-mRNA transcripts, additionally has helicase activity, but lacks proofreading ability

31
Q

RNA Polymerase I

A

Most rRNA genes

32
Q

RNA Polymerase II

A

All protein-coding genes, miRNA genes, plus genes for other noncoding RNAs

33
Q

RNA Polymerase III

A

tRNA genes, 5S rRNA gene, genes for many other small RNAs

34
Q

Prokaryotic Promoters/Terminators

A

Have specific nucleotide sequences laid out in a specific 5’ -> 3’ direction for RNAP to recognize

35
Q

Enhancer

A

Not part of a gene, but influences the rate of transcription, loop DNA to bind to transcription factors

36
Q

Mediator

A

Coordinates between transcriptional activators/repressors and RNA polymerase

37
Q

Transcription Factor

A

A small molecule that complexes to allow the start of transcription

38
Q

Linker Scanning

A

A method to identify promoter elements important for function

39
Q

Polycistronic mRNA

A

An mRNA that has multiple proteins encoded on it that generally have related functions (prokaryotes)

40
Q

5’ capping

A

Capping enzyme complex (CEC) binds to RNAP and adds Guanine molecule to the 5’ end of an RNA molecule, marking it as mRNA and increases its half life

41
Q

3’ Polyadenylation

A

Polyadenylate polymerase adds a poly A tail till it reaches a length of 250 A, provides, happens

42
Q

Intron

A

A part of the eukaryotic gene that is removed during splicing

43
Q

Exon

A

The part of the eukaryotic gene that is kept during splicing and is read to produce a protein

44
Q

Alternative Splicing

A

Variable splicing of the same pre-mRNA to produce multiple different splice products

45
Q

Splice donor/acceptor/branching site

A

Specific nucleotide sequences at the 5’, 3’ and a site upstream of 3’ end of introns that are conserved and guide spicing machinery

46
Q

Spliceosome

A

Made of small nuclear ribonuclear protein with snRNA working as a ribozyme to excise introns

47
Q

Trans-splicing

A

Splicing that pieces together transcripts from different gene loci

48
Q

Self splicing introns

A

Some introns are self-splicing ribozymes that do not require other proteins to be spliced out of pre mRNA

49
Q

Genetic Code

A

The rules by which the information in DNA is translated into amino acids via mRNA

50
Q

Codon

A

A triplet of bases that encodes an amino acid

51
Q

Charged tRNA

A

When the 3’ end of tRNA is covalently bound to its corresponding codon

52
Q

Ribosome

A

Machinery of translation that exists in cytoplasm, RER, in the nucleolus, and the mitochondria; has a large and small subunit

53
Q

Ribosome Sites

A

Exit (E), Peptidyl (P), and Aminoacyl (A) and are oriented 5’EPA3’ with respect to the mRNA

54
Q

Translation Initiation Factors

A

Bind to the initiator tRNA and the small subunit of RNA and holds mRNA inplace before dissociating and the large ribosome subunit binds

55
Q

Release Factor

A

The protein that binds to the stop codon of an mRNA transcript and intiates translation

56
Q

Ribosome-binding sites

A

Sites within bacterial mRNA that allow ribosomes to bind and begin translation, each mRNA can have more than 1

57
Q

Polysome

A

A series of ribosomes on one piece of mRNA spaced out as minimally as possible

58
Q

Chaperon Proteins

A

Proteins that help properly fold newly synthesized partially folded proteins

59
Q

PCR

A

Polymerase chain reaction, a technique used to amplify DNA, requiring primers, dNTPs, thermostable DNAP, the DNA to be amplified

60
Q

qPCR

A

Quantitative or real-time PCR is in essence the same as normal PCR, but amplification of the DNA can be measured throughout the process

61
Q

non-coding RNA

A

Target mRNA for destruction and regulate gene expression

62
Q

UTR

A

Untranslated regions are regulatory sequences in mRNA, contain binding sites for transcription factors that mark for degradation and also have sequences that direct the frequency of translation

63
Q

lncRNA

A

Long noncoding RNA, ~200 bases long, ~5000 different types but role is largely unknown

64
Q

Dicer

A

Cuts dsRNA hairpins into 22 bp fragments that are loaded into the RISC complex for degradation

65
Q

siRNA

A

Small interfering RNA, similar to miRNA, it is also cut by the DICER into 22 base sequences and binds to the RISC complex, but to degrade foreign RNA rather than mRNA

66
Q

CRISPR

A

Cluster regualarly interspaced short palindromic repeats, gene sequence that makes the adaptive immune response in bacteria, it is specific and has memory; recognizes specific sequences in dsDNA and cuts both strands when complexed

67
Q

Spacers

A

Non-repeat spacers derived from bacteriophages provides resistance against bacteriophages; get added close to the 5’ end of the CRISPR locus

68
Q

Repeats

A

Identical palindromic sequences in the genome that make a hairpin loop like structure as a protein

69
Q

Cas genes

A

Act as helicases and molecular scissors (endonucleases)

70
Q

CRISPR-Cas System

A

The immune/ defense system of bacteria with memory and specificity passed on during binary fission; has been adapted for use in gene editing

71
Q

Protospacers

A

Viral Genome that is degraded by Cas1-Cas2 into small fragments

72
Q

PAM

A

Protospacer adjacent motif; site that allows Cas9 to distinguish foreign DNA from the bacterial genome, Cas9 cuts 5’ to the PAM site

73
Q

HDR

A

Homology dependent repair, allows for precise gene repair

74
Q

CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Drive

A

Gene drive makes modifications not only to the original organism, but all of its offspring as well, DNA from both parents is subsequently changed as a result in the offspring

Cell and Molecular Biology (2 decks)

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