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Physiology final > Circulatory system > Flashcards

Circulatory system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 types of vessels (in order from heart)

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Arterioles
  3. Capillaries
  4. Venules
  5. Veins
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2
Q

what is an artery

A

a vessel that takes blood from the heart

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3
Q

what is a vein

A

a vessel that takes blood to the heart

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4
Q

what is the function of arteries

A

they are designed for rapid transport, they are large in diameter with low resistance. They are elastic and designed to withstand pressure

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5
Q

What is the function of arterioles

A

They are the primary control of resistance in the circulatory system. They are muscley and able to dialate and constrict

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6
Q

What is the function of capillaries

A

location of nutrient exchange

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7
Q

What is the function of venules

A

they collect blood from capillaries

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8
Q

what is the function of veins

A

serve as a blood resevoir because they can dialate and constrict

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9
Q

how do arteries act as pressure resevoirs

A

they are elastic and can expand when pressure is high, then an inflow decreases they shrink back down to size and push the blood to the rest of the body

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10
Q

how does pressure and resistance affect blood flow through a vessel

A

Flow = pressure gradient/ resistance

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11
Q

what is the pressure gradient

A

the difference in pressure between the aorta and the vena cava (85mmhg)

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12
Q

pressure in aorta

A

85 mmhg

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13
Q

pressure in vena cava

A

0 mmhg

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14
Q

pressure gradient in systemic circut

A

85 mmhg

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15
Q

pressure in respiratory circut

A

15 mmhg

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16
Q

is flow equal in systemic circut and respiratory circut

A

yes

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17
Q

is resistance in pulmonary circut high or low

A

low

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18
Q

what are the factors that affect resistance to flow

A
  1. viscosity of fluid
  2. length of vessel
  3. radius of vessel
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19
Q

which factor affecting resistance is most important

A

radius of vessel

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20
Q

why does radius of vessel matter so much

A

the smaller the vessel the more surface area contact that occurs with the blood and the more resistance that occurs

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21
Q

how much does vessel diameter affect resistance

A

R = 1/r^4

doubling the vessel size gives 1/16 the resistance cutting in in half gives 16 times the resistance

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22
Q

What is normal systolic BP

A

120 mmhg

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23
Q

what is normal diastolic BP

A

80 mmhg

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24
Q

how do you find pulse pressure

A

systolic - diastolic

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25
Q

how do you find MAP with systolic and diastolic BP

A

systolic + 2 diastolic / 3

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26
Q

why does diastolic get twice the credit in MAP equation

A

it lasts about twice the time as systolic

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27
Q

What is TPR

A

total peripheral resistance (combined resistance of all the vessels in the circuit)

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28
Q

How can you measure BP

A
  1. inserting a cannula directly and measuring it

2. auscultatory method

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29
Q

how do you do the auscultatory method

A
  1. you put a cuff on their arm and pump it up
  2. you listen to the vessel
  3. when you first hear some noise you check your pressure gage and that is systolic
  4. when the noise goes away you check your pressure gage and that is the diastolic BP
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30
Q

what is pulse pressure

A

is the pressure that is caused by the contraction of the heart

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31
Q

what is mean arterial pressure

A

it’s the average pressure in the artery

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32
Q

What two factors affect MAP

A
  1. Cardiac output
  2. Total peripheral resistance

MAP = CO x TPR

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33
Q

what are the factors that affect CO

A
  1. heart rate

2. stroke volume

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34
Q

how do we change TPR

A

Arteriole diameter

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35
Q

what part of the brain controls sympathetic controle of vasoconstrictor muscles

A

vasomoter center in medulla of brain

36
Q

what are baroreceptors

A

pressure receptors

37
Q

how often are baroreceptors firing

A

always

38
Q

when high pressure, baroreceptors …

A

fire more

39
Q

when low pressure, baroreceptors …

A

fire less

40
Q

practice drawing what happens when BP is high and low

A

ok i will

41
Q

how does general vasoconstriction protect the brain?

A

if blood volume is low, most vessels constrict, but not the brain, this ensures that the brain gets what it needs.

42
Q

how does general vasoconstriction help muscles during exercise

A
  1. vessels to intestines constrict
  2. arterioles in muscle dialate,
  3. precapilary sphincters relax
43
Q

what are the factors that affect venous return

A
  1. Low pressure gradient (pushes blood to heart)
  2. Low resistance in veins (doesn’t slow it down)
  3. one way valves in veins (prevent backflow)
  4. Muscle pump (squeezes blood only up because of valves)
  5. Respiratory movements (Pressure in thorax decreases with respiration and pulls blood into thorax)
  6. sympathetic constriction of veins (squeezes vessels and pushed blood to the heart
44
Q

What are the major components of blood

A
  1. erythrocytes
  2. leukocytes
  3. platelets
  4. plasma
45
Q

What are erythrocytes and what do they do

A

biconcave cells (surface area), have lots of hemoglobin and no organelles. they transport O and Co2.

46
Q

What are leukocytes and what do they do

A

fight off infection

47
Q

what are platelets and what do they do

A

(thrombocytes) they are fragments of megakaryocytes that are important in hemostasis. they plug up holes in vessels

48
Q

what is plasma and what does it do

A

water portion of blood (91-92% water), it carries proteins, hormones, urea, and dissolved gasses

49
Q

what are the important plasma proteins

A

albumin (most abundant)
Globulins
fibrinogen

50
Q

what is the function of albumin

A
  1. helps maintain oncotic pressure (prevent adema)

2. serves as a carrier for fatty acids and hydrophobic substances (hormones)

51
Q

What is the function of globulin

A
  1. helps in blood clotting

2. helps in immunodefense

52
Q

what is the function of fibrinogen

A

helps in blood clotting

53
Q

what is oncotic pressure

A

its the osmotic pressure developed across the capillary membranes due to the proteins in plasma

54
Q

how do the proteins in plasma affect oncotic pressure

A

they can’t diffuse so they are stuck inside and water wants to come in to balance out osmoles

55
Q

what is the direction of osmotic movement

A

from low concentration of solutes to high

56
Q

how does albumin prevent adema

A

it’s the most abundant plasma protein so it’s presence keeps osmotic pressure pushing water into the capillaries

57
Q

How does oncotic pressure work

A

25 mmhg of oncotic pressure tries to push water into veins, when blood first enters capillaries the pressure is greater than that so water flow out, but as is leaves capillaries it is less than 25 mmhg so the oncotic pressure pushes water into the capillaries

58
Q

How and where are RBC (erythrocytes) produced

A
  1. Kidneys detect low O2 levels (due to lower capacity of RBC’s to carry O2)
  2. Kidneys release erythoropoetin (EPO)
  3. EPO stimulates erythropoesis in bone marrow
  4. these new RBC’s are detected by kidneys and EPO secretion is lessened.
59
Q

What is a hematocrit

A

its a measurement of what percent of blood is made up by RBC’s

60
Q

is hematocrit usually higher in men or in women

A

men (42- 54) …..45……

women (38 - 46)

61
Q

how is a hematocrit measured

A

they centrifuge the blood and see what percent of blood (by volume) is made up of RBC’s

62
Q

how does blood doping affect hematocrit

A

blood doping is when you put more RBC’s in your blood, or EPO

63
Q

how does dehydration affect hematocrit

A

it raises the hematocrit, but not because it increases RBC’s but because it decreases plasma

64
Q

what is anemia

A

a deficiency of RBC’s, which leads to a decrease of oxygen transportation

65
Q

what are the symptoms of anemia

A

dyspnea
tachicardia
fatigue

66
Q

at what point do we diagnose anemia

A

<37 hematocrit in women

67
Q

what are the types of anemia

A
  1. hemorrhagic (loss of blood)
  2. Pernicious (nutritional deficiency (B12))
  3. Sickle-cell (abnormal hemoglobin)
  4. Renal (kidney disease = decrease erythropoesis)
  5. aplastic (bone marrow cells destroyed) (radiation and drugs)
68
Q

What is polycythemia

A

too many RBC’s

69
Q

what are the types of polycythemia

A
  1. Primary (bone marrow tumor)
  2. secondary (chronic hypoxia - high altitude)
  3. Blood doping (inject RBC’s or EPO)
70
Q

what is hemostasis

A

cessation of bleeding

71
Q

what are the three major steps of hemostasis

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. formation of platelet plug
  3. formation of fibrin mesh
72
Q

What is fibrinogen

A

a plasma protein

73
Q

how is fibrogen different than fibrin

A

fibrinogen is kind of the inactive version, when fibrinogen comes in contact with collagen it turns into fibrin and forms the fibrin mesh (clot)

74
Q

what activates platelets

A

the Von willebrand factor (vwf)

75
Q

what do platelets do

A

aggregate in the hole
they secrete hormones to cause vasoconstriction
they also secrete ADP which encourages platelet aggregation

76
Q

what role does collagen play in hemostatis

A
  1. it binds to vwf, which causes platelets to aggregate

2. they also cause fibrinogen to turn to fibrin and create the fibrin mesh or fibrin clot

77
Q

what does thrombin do

A

it stimulates the creation of fibrin and does positive feedback to create more of itself

78
Q

what is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic pathway to formation of fibrin cloth

A

the intrinsic pathway has 7 steps and all of it’s chemicals are found in the blood
the extrinsic pathway only has 4 steps and it’s chemicals are released by the damaged tissue

79
Q

do both intrinsic and extrinsic work together, how

A

yes, intrinsic works inside the vessel and extrinsic works in the surrounding tissues

80
Q

what does it mean to have A blood

A

your red blood cells have A antigens

81
Q

What are AB bloodies called

A

universal acceptor

82
Q

What are O bloodies called

A

universal donor

83
Q

O has no antigens

A

yep

84
Q

What is the Rh-factor

A

rh + has antigen d

rh- doesn’t have antigen d

85
Q

what about rh is bad

A

if mother is rh negative and baby is rh positive it’s bad

Physiology final (10 decks)

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