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Biochemistry > OxPhos > Flashcards

OxPhos Flashcards

1
Q

Most proteins in the mitochondria are encoded in the

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

Coenzyme Q is also

A

Ubiquinone

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3
Q

What is CoQ

A

Lipid soluble electron carrier

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4
Q

What does CoQ transport electrons to

A

From complex I and II to Complex III

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5
Q

What process is glucose to pyruvate

A

Glycolysis
Anaerobic

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6
Q

What does glycolysis yield

A

1 glucose makes 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

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7
Q

What is impermeable to protons

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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8
Q

complex I

A

NAD/COQ oxidoreductase

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9
Q

complex II

A

succinate dehydrogenase

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10
Q

Complex III

A

Cytochrome complex

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11
Q

Complex IV

A

Cytochrome oxidase

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12
Q

What makes the final 2 H2O

A

4 H+, 4 e-, 2 O2 molecules

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13
Q

What happens to the energy when electrons pass through the complexes

A

Energy drop of 16 kcal

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14
Q

Which part of the mitochondria is more acidic (lower pH)

A

Intermembrane space and cytosol because there’s more H+

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15
Q

Where is the F1 of ATP synthase

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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16
Q

What is F1

A

Headpiece in matrix that contains 3 ab-subunits
Each b- contains a catalytic site for enzyme

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17
Q

Where is F0

A

In inner membrane/facing intermembrane space outside

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18
Q

What is F0

A

Rotor that is attached to central shaft
12 C subunits

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19
Q

Each C subunit contains

A

Glutamyl carboxyl
carboxyl accepts proton from intermembrane space and releases one into the matrix

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20
Q

ATP is dependent on

A

H+ coming out of motor and how shaft releases an ATP

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21
Q

How many TOTAL ATP is produced from one molecule of glucose

A

Net 4ATP, 10 NADH (2-3 ATP per NADH) , 2 FADH2 (1.5 to 2 per FADH2)

= 27 to 38 ATP

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22
Q

Cell doesn’t need energy

A

ATP builds up
ADP, AMP go down
NADH goes up

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23
Q

Cell needs energy

A

ADP increases
NADH decreases

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24
Q

What does high NADH do

A

Inhibits TCA enzymes

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25
Q

What is CoQ made of

A

A quinone with lipophilic chain

26
Q

Semiquinone is

A

Site for generation of ROS
A CoQ with an OH group (reduced form)

27
Q

Heme A is found in

A

Cytochrome a and a3

28
Q

Cytochromes contain

A

Heme and iron in the middle

29
Q

What enzyme reduces O2 to H2O

A

Cytochrome C oxidase

30
Q

What in the cytochrome C oxidase complex collects 4 H+ to reduce O2 to H2O

A

Cu2+

31
Q

Rotenone is in

A

pesticides

32
Q

Oligmocycin is a ____ inhibitor

A

Transmembrane

33
Q

Dinitrophenol does what

A

Dissipates proton gradient

34
Q

How does Cyanide inhibit complex IV

A

Binds to Fe in heme and prevents electrons from going to O2

35
Q

Cyanide is released during

A

Metabolism by gut microbes of amygdalin

36
Q

What is amygdalin present in

A

Almonds, cherries, apricots

37
Q

Cyanide is in high concentrations in

A

Smoke from cyanide buildings

38
Q

Atractyloside

A

Inhibits ANT which puts ADP in mitochondria and takes ATP out (1:1 ratio
Reduces ADP

39
Q

Oligomycin

A

Inhibits proton flow through F0 of ATP synthase
STOPS oxygen consumptions without affecting complexes

40
Q

Dinitrophenol

A

An uncoupler
Dissipates proton gradient
Increases permeability of membrane

41
Q

Valinomycin

A

Facilitates K+ transfer across membrane
Ionophore

42
Q

Malonate

A

Competitive inhibitor of Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase)

Binds to active site of complex II without reacting

43
Q

The use of protons to phosphorylate ADP into ATP does what

A

Decreases proton gradient
ETC pumps more protons, o2 is reduces to H2O

44
Q

What happens after NADH donates electrons to ETC

A

NAD+ is regenerated and returns to TCA

45
Q

What are proton ionophores

A

Lipid soluble compounds
rapidly transport H+ from cytosol to inside mitochondria

46
Q

Cold stimulates the release of

A

Norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve endings

47
Q

How does brown fat thermogenesis work

A

Cold stimulates norepinephrine
Lipase releases fatty acids for TCA
Thermogenin (UCP1) is activated by FA and protons are brought into matric

48
Q

End result of brown fat thermogenesis

A

Thermogenin stimulates ETC which increases NADH/FADH and produces more heat

49
Q

Outer membrane of mitochondria contains

A

Voltage dependent anion channels

50
Q

VDACs are formed by

A

Porins
Voltage dependent anion chaneels
Let ions diffuse

51
Q

Conformation of ANT is regulated by

A

Cyclophilin D and Ca2+

52
Q

Changing ANT to open pore is activated by

A

Ca2+
Depletion of adenine nucleotides
ROS

53
Q

Changing ANT to closed pore is done by

A

Proton gradient
Cytosolic ATP
Low cytosolic pH

54
Q

What does an uncoupler do

A

Increases oxygen consumption of cells
Releases heat, temperature raise

55
Q

If an uncoupler (DNP) is added to oligomycin, what happens

A

O2 restores and resumes

56
Q

What happens if cytochrome C leaves the mitochondria and is in cytoplasm?

A

Signals a cascade for apoptosis

57
Q

What does DNP do to body

A

Increases heat, hyperthermia

58
Q

A higher slope means

A

DNP, increased oxygen consumption

59
Q

What does ANT do

A

Brings ADP into matrix
Moves ATP out of matrix

60
Q

What decreases oxygen

A

Oligomyocin
Cyanide
CO

Biochemistry (13 decks)

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