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BIO 110 > exam 1 (practice questions) > Flashcards

exam 1 (practice questions) Flashcards

1
Q

emergent properties of living systems are properties that __________

A

are due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases

(not shown individually but collectively)

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2
Q

which statement best describes when properties emerge?

A

“the whole is greater than the sum of the parts”

  • parts work together and cannot do it alone (even a calculator!)
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3
Q

in an ecosystem, nutrients _________ and energy __________

A

are recycled; flows through

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4
Q

the energy for most organism for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from _________

A

the sun

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5
Q

protists are eukaryotic but ________

A

single-celled

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6
Q

evolution tends to act at which level?

A

population

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7
Q

which of the following is outside the realm of scientific inquiry?

A

addressing ethical dilemmas

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8
Q

regardless of element, first electron shell of any atom of that element can hold a max of how many electrons?

A

two

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9
Q

which types of bonds attract water molecules to each other, causing surface tension and slowing rate of evaporation?

A

hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

most of the structural components of the human body are made up of which type of bond?

A

nonpolar covalent

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11
Q

which (electrons, neutrons, protons) INDIRECTLY determine the bonds that an atom can form?

A

protons

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12
Q

what must be true for a compound to be considered organic?

A

it must have carbon and hydrogen

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13
Q

the disappearance of which functional group would most adversely affect protein shape?

A

sulfhydryl

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14
Q

in what ways are hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds similar?

A

both are based on attraction b/w atoms that carry differences in electrical charge

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15
Q

as temp of something decreases, its kinetic energy ____________

A

decrease

more kinetic energy = more hot

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16
Q

give an example of monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide

A

monosaccharide: glucose, fructose

disaccharide: sucrose, lactose, maltose

polysaccharide: glycogen

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17
Q

the pH of the human blood is

A

weakly basic

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18
Q

individual monosaccharides primarily differ in the number of carbons and __________

A

orientation of carbonyl groups

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19
Q

polymers are made of monomer subunits that are joined by what type of bonds

A

covalent bonds

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20
Q

cellulose absorbs water in your intestines because ___________

A

like all carbohydrates, it is hydrophilic

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21
Q

molecules in which group share a carbon-ring framework?

A

steroids

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22
Q

denaturation is defined as ac change in __________ of a protein

A

three-dimensional shape

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23
Q

cholesterol is a _________

A

steroid

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24
Q

variable R-groups, or side chains, are found in which group?

A

proteins

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25
Q

proteins are formed via which process?

A

dehydration synthesis

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26
Q

what type of sugar is found in RNA?

A

ribose

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27
Q

what is the name of the most important high-energy compound in the body?

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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28
Q

thymine is found in which molecule?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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29
Q

DNA consists of 2 nucleotide molecule chains held together by weak ________ bonds.

A

hydrogen

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30
Q

what class of molecule DIRECTS the synthesis of enzymes?

A

nucleic acids

31
Q

what reaction does the liver have during times of high energy demand?

A

it breaks down glycogen molecules

32
Q

there are ______ naturally occurring elements and ______ are essential to human life

A

92; 25

33
Q

trace element

A

chemical element that is present in small amounts

34
Q

what are the 4 most abundant elements found in living systems?

A

hydrogen
oxygen
carbon
nitrogen

35
Q

why are radioactive isotopes useful in scientific research?

A

because they can be used as tracers to follow particular atoms and molecules through metabolic pathways

36
Q

for most atoms, when does the configuration of electrons make the atom unreactive?

A

when the atom has 8 electrons in its outermost shell

37
Q

ionic bonds form as a result of __________

A

attraction b/w ions that have opposite charges

38
Q

a hydrogen bond is a ___________

A

weak chemical bond

39
Q

what is the role of van der Waals interactions in biological molecules?

A

although they are weak bonds, van der Waals interactions help to reinforce the 3-D shapes of large molecules

40
Q

when is chemical equilibrium reached?

A

when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal

41
Q

the tendency of water molecules to stay close to each other as a result of hydrogen bonding is called __________

A

cohesion

helps moderate temp, provides surface tensions that allows small molecules to move across a water surface, and helps to keep water moving through the vessels in a tree trunk

42
Q

adhesion is best described as

A

clinging of one substance to another substance

43
Q

You can fill a glass of water to just slightly above the rim without the water spilling over the glass. What property of water best explains this phenomenon?

A

surface tension

44
Q

the amount of heat required to convert 1g of any substance from the liquid to the gaseous state is defined as ______________

A

the heat of vaporization of that substance

45
Q

Sweating has a cooling effect because of water’s high _____________

A

heat of vaporization

water evaporates, cooling the surface on which it rested

46
Q

how does the polarity of water contribute to its ability to dissolve so many substances?

A

because it is polar, water’s negatively charged oxygen atoms and positively charged hydrogen atoms are attracted to positively and negatively charged ions and molecules

47
Q

a molecule that has all nonpolar covalent bonds would be ____________

A

hydrophobic

48
Q

an acid is __________

A

a compound that donates hydrogen ions to a solution

49
Q

each pH unit change represents a ____________ difference in the hydrogen ion concentration

A

tenfold

(have to multiply by 10 each time you go up scale)

50
Q

Stanley miller’s experiments were significant because he demonstrated that ________

A

a variety of simple organic compounds could be spontaneously synthesized from components in Earth’s primitive atmosphere

51
Q

enantiomers are isomers that are ___________

A

mirror images of each other and differ in shape due to presence of asymmetric carbon

52
Q

Ethanol, propanol, and methanol are three simple alcohols. They can be grouped together because they __________

A

share the same functional group: a hydroxyl

53
Q

hydrophilic compounds increase the ________ of organic molecules in water

A

solubility

54
Q

which functional group is associated with a release of energy when removed from the carbon skeleton with water?

A

phosphate group

cleaving phosphate group from ATP releases energy that is used to perform cellular functions

55
Q

in what polysaccharide form do plants store glucose to be available later as an energy source?

A

starch

56
Q

monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are multiples of _______

A

CH2O

57
Q

chitin

A

structural polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons

58
Q

palmitic acid

A

saturated fatty acid

59
Q

carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for ___________

A

energy storage and release

60
Q

nucleotides are linked together by __________

A

phosphodiester linkages

61
Q

fatty acids are joined to glycerol by _________

A

ester linkages

62
Q

glycosidic linkages ____________ by the human digestive enzymes

A

cannot be broken down

(present in cellulose)

63
Q

the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone belong to which class of molecules?

A

lipids

64
Q

a polypeptide is a _________

A

chain of amino acids that have been linked together by dehydration synthesis

65
Q

The α helix and β pleated sheet represent which level of protein structure?

A

secondary structure

66
Q

What do Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and mad cow disease have in common?

A

all associated with the buildup of misfolded proteins in cells

67
Q

which of the functional groups below acts most like an acid in water?

a. Amino
b. Carbonyl
c. Carboxyl
d. Hydroxyl

actual test question

A

carboxyl

68
Q

which could be found to differ in a pair of structural isomers?

a. Number of atoms per molecule
b. Biological activity of each molecule
c. Ratio of elements in each molecule
d. Chemical formula

actual test question

A

biological activity of each molecule

69
Q

which functional groups would be least likely to occur on the surface of a large biological molecule, where it would interact with water molecules?
actual test question

A

methyl

70
Q

which functional group is hydrophobic in nature?

actual test question

A

sulfhydryl

71
Q

a cell lacking which of the following structures is most likely to be a prokaryote?

a. nuclear membrane
b. cell membrane
c. cytoplasm
d. nucleic acid

actual test question

A

nuclear membrane

72
Q

systems biology is mainly an attempt to _________

actual test question

A

understand the behavior of entire biological systems by studying interactions among its component parts

73
Q

which type of interaction stabilizes the a-helix and the beta-pleated sheet structures of proteins?

actual test question

A

hydrogen bonds

74
Q

which description best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?

actual test question

A

nitrogenous base, phosphate group, and a sugar

BIO 110 (11 decks)

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