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BCIA Exam for Neurofeedback > Implementation > Flashcards

Implementation Flashcards

1
Q

What is alpha response?

A

The enhancement of alpha upon eye closure

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2
Q

What is alpha suppression?

A

The reduction of alpha upon eye opening

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3
Q

The reduction of alpha upon eye opening is called ______.

A

Alpha suppression

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4
Q

The enhancement of alpha upon eye closure ______.

A

Alpha response

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5
Q

A high theta-beta ratio is associated with ______.

A

Inattention

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6
Q

A low theta-beta ratio is associated with ______.

A

Anxiety and history of trauma

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7
Q

What frequency band is associated with sleep and infancy?

A

Delta

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8
Q

Rhythmic high amplitude of what frequency band is is associated with TBI, esp. if localized?

A

Delta

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9
Q

Diffuse (i.e., globally high) amplitude of what frequency band is associated with ADHD/Learning Disorders?

A

Delta

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10
Q

Where is delta predominant?

A

Frontal areas

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11
Q

Delta is typically trained in what direction?

A

Down

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12
Q

Deficient delta is associated with _______.

A

glucose metabolism (nutritional treatment)

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13
Q

Eye movement artifact appears as spikes in ______.

A

Delta

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14
Q

Spikes of high delta are indicative of _______.

A

eye movement artifact from blinking

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15
Q

The frequency band of delta is ___ Hz to ___ Hz.

A

0-4 Hz

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16
Q

Ideally, there shouldn’t be a lot of _______ on EO maps.

A

high delta

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17
Q

Delta is generated by ______ when not enervated by other connections.

A

cortical neurons

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18
Q

The frequency band of theta is ___ Hz to ___ Hz.

A

4-8 Hz

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19
Q

What frequency band is associated with creativity, spontaneity, memory formation, recall, and global synchronization (intuition, abstract thought, aha-moments)?

A

Theta

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20
Q

Frontal excess of _______ is associated with distractibility and inattention.

A

Theta

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21
Q

Increased amplitudes of theta in localized areas are indicative of ______.

A

hypo-perfusion (decreased blood flow to that region) and decreased glucose metabolism

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22
Q

Frontal theta is typically inhibited to remediate _______.

A

Inattentive ADHD

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23
Q

What frequency band is age-related and diminishes over time, becoming stable at age 30?

A

Theta

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24
Q

In alpha-theta training for addictions, PTSD, and peak performance, how and where is theta trained?

A

Posterior theta is uptrained

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25
Q

Theta dysregulation in the frontal region is typically ______ [high or low]?

A

High

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26
Q

Theta dysregulation in the posterior region is typically ______ [high or low]?

A

Low

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27
Q

High frontal theta is associated with ______.

A

Inattention

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28
Q

Low posterior theta is associated with ______.

A

Inattention, addiction, anxiety, trauma

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29
Q

Theta is generated by _______.

A

the thalamus and limbic system

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30
Q

What frequency band is generated by the thalamus and limbic system?

A

Theta

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31
Q

The frequency band of alpha is ___ Hz to ___ Hz.

A

8-12 Hz

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32
Q

What frequency band is also called the Posterior Basic Rhythm or Posterior Dominant Rhythm?

A

Alpha

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33
Q

Marijuana causes high levels of ______ in EO maps.

A

Alpha

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34
Q

Alpha is generated by _______.

A

the thalamus and cortex

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35
Q

What is the frequency of Mu Rhythm?

A

10 Hz

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36
Q

Where is Mu Rhythm primarily observed?

A

Over the sensorimotor cortex (C3, Cz, C4)

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37
Q

What frequency regulates motor cortex activities via prefrontal mirror neurons?

A

Mu rhythm (10 Hz)

38
Q

What frequency is associated with learning through observation/mirroring?

A

Mu rhythm (10 Hz)

39
Q

What frequency is associated with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorders)?

A

Mu rhythm (10 Hz)

40
Q

What frequency is associated with “Owl Eye” presentation at C3/C4?

A

Mu rhythm (10 Hz)

41
Q

What frequency is associated with learning through observation/mirroring?

A

Mu rhythm (10 Hz)

42
Q

The frequency band of alpha is ___ Hz to ___ Hz.

A

8-12 Hz

43
Q

Where is SMR is primarily observed?

A

Over the sensorimotor cortex (C3, Cz, C4)

44
Q

SMR increases with ______ and decreases with ______.

A

stillness; movement

45
Q

How does stillness effect SMR?

A

SMR increases

46
Q

How does movement effect SMR?

A

SMR decreases

47
Q

In cases of hyperactivity, SMR is typically trained in what direction?

A

Up

48
Q

Uptraining SMR is typically used to _______.

A

calm hyperactivity

49
Q

What frequency band is associated with mirror neurons?

A

SMR

50
Q

What is the frequency of Beta?

A

12-40 Hz

51
Q

What is the frequency of Gamma?

A

40+ Hz

52
Q

What frequency is associated with focus and analytic thinking?

A

Beta

53
Q

Beta is generated by ______.

A

the brain stem and cortex.

54
Q

The brain stem and cortex generate what frequency band?

A

Beta

55
Q

What frequency is typically less present in children under 12 years old?

A

Beta

56
Q

Absence or lack of gamma is associated with ______.

A

Learning disorders and mental deficits.

57
Q

“Uptraining” and “Downtraining” focus on respectively increasing or decreasing ______.

A

Amplitude

58
Q

What percentage of individuals who have incurred an mTBI will have symptoms that last more than one year?

A

15%

59
Q

What are the 4 categories of symptoms related to mTBI (mild Traumatic Brain Injury) or concussion?

A

Cognitive, Affective, Somatic, Sleep

60
Q

White matter damage in the brain following an mTBI is most likely caused by what?

A

Shearing forces

61
Q

What would a “hot” cingulate indicate?

A

A “hot” cingulate means it’s overactive and causing problems.
Anterior cingulate is associated with mental flexibility, cooperation, attention. It helps the mind let go of problems and concerns, shift gears and make transitions, stop ritualistic movements and tics. Cingulate oversees motivation, social self and personality. It’s closely aligned with the amygdala.

62
Q

Uptraining SMR at Cz has what effect?

A

Increases alertness, reduces neck muscle tension, and improves sleep

63
Q

According to the Othmers, what training approach increases hypercoupling?

A

Training SMR in the right hemisphere

64
Q

According to the Othmers, what training approach increases hypocoupling?

A

Training beta in the left hemisphere

65
Q

What region of the cortex is most directly related to emotional regulation and decision making?

A

Prefrontal cortex

66
Q

What region of the cerebral cortex is most directly related to memory and hearing?

A

Temporal lobes

67
Q

Lack of connectivity between the parietal and temporal lobes can result in what type of disorders?

A

Learning disorders

68
Q

Lack of connectivity between the frontal and temporal lobes can result in what type of disorders?

A

Semantic or episodic memory problems

69
Q

Lack of connectivity between the left and right hemispheres can result in what?

A

Reduced emotional self-awareness

70
Q

Excessive hypocoupling results in ______.

A

hyperactivity, anxiety, and seizure

71
Q

Excessive hypercoupling results in ______.

A

decreased activity, depression, and coma

72
Q

What does TOVA stand for?

A

Test of Variables of Attention (ADHD assessment tool)

73
Q

Diffuse high amplitude theta indicates what?

A

Lack of cerebral perfusion

74
Q

What will you typically see in an EEG when people blink or move around a lot?

A

Non-rhythmic spikes of high delta

75
Q

Poor electrode connections may appear as elevations in what frequency band?

A

Beta (due to interference from 60 Hz artifact)

76
Q

What effect does chewing or teeth grinding have on the EEG?

A

Increase in general amplitude

77
Q

What two physiological processes can cause artifacts that increase lower frequencies?

A

Eye blinking and swallowing

78
Q

How does scalp tension show up in the EEG?

A

As elevated beta

79
Q

What is the dominant frequency in the eyes closed condition?

A

Posterior-dominant alpha rhythm

80
Q

What component band is most related to sleep, learning disabilities, and brain injury?

A

Delta

81
Q

Stage 4 sleep consists of what percentage of delta waves?

A

More than 50%

82
Q

What brain wave is associated with hypnagogic states?

A

Theta

83
Q

What brain wave is associated with drowsy states and states where creative thoughts occur?

A

Theta

84
Q

What brain wave is associated with responding or not responding to stimuli?

A

Theta

85
Q

What range of frequency is the Sheer Rhythm?

A

38-42 Hz

86
Q

The short fiber system that connects adjacent areas of the brain in intracortex communication resonates in what frequency?

A

High beta

87
Q

Long fibers that connect across regions resonate primarily in what frequency?

A

Lower beta and higher alpha

88
Q

Global fibers resonate primarily in what frequency?

A

Delta and theta

89
Q

What focal site measures the max amplitude of SCPs?

A

Cz

90
Q

What effect would the self-regulation of SCPs at Cz likely have?

A

Improved cognitive performance

BCIA Exam for Neurofeedback (8 decks)

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