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ExAC > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

WHICH ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOP AND MAINTAINS THE MASTERFORMAT SPECIFICATION SYSTEM?

A

Construction Specifications Canada (CSC) and
the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) in the U.S

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2
Q

DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT BUT COMPLIMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS AND THE SPECIFICATIONS?

A

Drawings:
- illustrate extent, location, and quantity.
- graphic or pictorial descriptions of the form and shape of the building
Specifications:
- complement and permit simplification of the drawings
- limit the role of the drawings to address form, shape, dimensions, and location.
- describe the requirements for quality and workmanship which the drawings may not be able to address.
- address compatibility of materials.

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3
Q

NAME 4 TYPES OF SPECIFICATIONS

A
  • outline or preliminary specifications
  • master specifications
  • model specifications
  • project specifications
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4
Q

NAME 3 METHODS FOR PREPARING CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS.

A
  • Proprietary - describes specific products and systems
  • Prescriptive - describes the exact means and methods for achieving the desired result
  • Performance - outlines criteria of a desired result, giving the contractor freedom in choice of materials and methods
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5
Q

EXPLAIN THE LINKS BETWEEN
THE MASTERFORMAT AND THE NATIONAL MASTER SPECIFICATION (NMS).

A
  • MasterFormat is a system of numbers and titles for organizing construction information into a regular standard order or sequence. it is organized in the ‘49 Division’ specification format, using a six-digit section numbering system. Each section, in turn, is organized according to a three-part format:
    General, Products, and Executions.
  • MF provides a flexible system within a standard framework.
  • the NMS could be termed a “deletion” master. It allows for
    fast deletion of in portions.
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6
Q

DESCRIBE THE THREE PARTS OF A TYPICAL MASTERFORMAT SPECIFICATION SECTION.

A

Part 1, General
- relate to the work in general
- general description of the system
- references to standards
- admin. and technical standards

Part 2, Products
- defines acceptable equipment, materials, fixtures, mixes, and fabrications, that is, “product” items, to be incorporated into the work.

Part 3, Execution
- describes the manner in which items covered by Part 2 are to be incorporated into the work.

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7
Q

NAME THE MASTERFORMAT DIVISIONS:
A. DIV. 00
B. DIV. 01
C. DIV. 02

A

A. Div. 00 - Procurement and Contracting Requirements
B. Div. 01 - General Requirements
C. Div. 02 - Existing Conditions

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8
Q

NAME THE MASTERFORMAT DIVISIONS:
A. DIV. 03
B. DIV. 04
C. DIV. 05
D. DIV. 06

A

A. Div. 03 - Concrete
B. Div. 04 - Masonry
C. Div. 05 - Metals
D. Div. 06 - Wood, Plastics, Composites

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9
Q

NAME THE MASTERFORMAT DIVISIONS:
A. DIV. 07
B. DIV. 08
C. DIV. 09

A

A. Div. 07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection
(incl. damp proofing and water proofing, thermal protection, roofing, flashing ans sheet metal, and joint protection)
B. Div. 08 - Openings
C. Div. 09 - Finishes
(incl. gypsum, tiles, flooring, acoustic treatment, painting)

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10
Q

NAME THE MASTERFORMAT DIVISIONS:
A. DIV. 10
B. DIV. 11
C. DIV. 12
D. DIV. 13
E. DIV. 14

A

A. Div. 10 - Specialties
B. Div. 11 - Equipment
C. Div. 12 - Furnishings
D. Div. 13 - Special Construction
E. Div. 14 - Conveying Equipment

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11
Q

NAME THE MASTERFORMAT DIVISIONS:
A. DIV. 21
B. DIV. 22
C. DIV. 23
D. DIV. 25

A

A. Div. 21 - Fire Suppression
B. Div. 22 - Plumbing
C. Div. 23 - HVAC
D. Div. 25 - Integrated Automation

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12
Q

NAME THE MASTERFORMAT DIVISIONS:
A. DIV. 26
B. DIV. 27
C. DIV. 28

A

A. Div. 26 - Electrical
B. Div. 27 - Communications
C. Div. 28 - Electronic Safety and Security

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13
Q

WHAT MASTERFORMAT DIVISION?
A. FLASHING AND SHEET METAL
B. DEMOLITION
C. WASTE MANAGEMENT

A

A. Div. 07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection
B. Div. 02 - Existing Conditions
C. Div. 01 - General Requirements

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14
Q

WHAT MASTERFORMAT DIVISION?
A. FINISH CARPENTRY
B. GYPSUM WALL BOARD
C. JOINT SEALANTS

A

A. Div. 06 - Wood, Plastics, Composites
B. Div. 09 - Finishes
C. Div. 07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection

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15
Q

WHAT MASTERFORMAT DIVISION?
A. CERAMIC TILING
B. GLAZING
C. TRAFFIC CONTRO

A

A. Div. 09 - Finishes
B. Div. 08 - Openings
C. Div. 01 - General Requirements

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16
Q

DESCRIBE SOME PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.

A

International council for research and innovation in building construc-tion: Reduce resource consumption; reuse resources; recycle resources for reuse; protect nature; eliminate toxins; apply life cycle costing; focus on quality.

RAIC : the overall objective of sustainable site design are: to reduce and minimize the impacts as a result of site selection; to reduce and minimize negative site impacts as a result of the site development and its buildings.

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17
Q

WHAT DOES LEED STAND FOR?

A

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

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18
Q

WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE OF PASSIVHAUS?

A

To produce low energy buildings by combining excellent thermal per-formance and airtightness with a heat recovery ventilation system that supplies fresh air for indoor environmental air quality.

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19
Q

LIST SOME HEAT ISLAND REDUCTION SITE STRATEGIES

A
  • shade
  • minimize footprint
  • reflective surfaces
  • underground parking instead of above ground
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20
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO MAIN CLASSIFICATIONS FOR SOILS?DESCRIBE EACH.

A
  • Course grained soils: relatively large particles; gravels and sands; good drainage; little to no susceptibility to frost action; and higher bearing capacity. More stable as foundation material. Relatively shal-low angle of repose/ low shear resistance.
  • Fine grain soils: small particles; silts and clays; poor drainage; more susceptible to frost action; and lower bearing capacity. Tend to be unstable because they shrink and swell considerably. Higher angle of repose/ good shear resistance when confined.
    (CHING 1.12)
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21
Q

WHAT IS FROST ACTION?

A

The phenomenon that occurs when water in soil is subjected to freez-ing which, because of the water/ice phase change or ice lens growth, results in a total volume increase or the build-up of expansive forces under confined conditions or both, and the subsequent thawing that leads to loss of soil strength and increased compressibility.

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22
Q

WHAT IS THE NAME FOR THE LEVEL BENEATH WHICH THE SOIL IS SATURATED WITH GROUNDWATER.

WHY IS THIS LEVEL IMPORTANT?

A

Water table.
any groundwater must be drained away from the foundation system to avoid reducing the bearing capacity of the soils and to minimize the possibility of water leaking into the basement.

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23
Q

WHAT IS A ‘SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION’ AND WHAT INFORMATION DOES IT PROVIDE?

A
  • The analysis and testing of soil disclosed by excavation of a test pit 10’ deep or deeper test borings.
  • Provide the following information: structure of soil, shear resistance, compressive strength, water content and permeability, and the expected extent and rare of consolidation under loading. From this information, the geotechnical engineer is able to gauge the anticipated total and differential settlement under loading by a proposed foundation system.
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24
Q

WHAT IS ‘ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY’?

A

The maximum unit pressure a foundation is permitted to impose verti-cally or laterally on the soil mass.
Consult geotechnical engineer and building code.

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25
Q

A. GROUND SLOPES OVER ___% ARE SUBJECT TO EROSION AND
ARE DIFFICULT TO BUILD ON.
B. GROUND SLOPES UP TO ___% ARE USABLE FOR MOST OUT-DOOR ACTIVITIES AND RELATIVELY EASY TO BUILD ON.

A

A. 25%
B. 5%

5%-10% slopes are suitable for informal outdoor activities and can be built on without too much difficulty.

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26
Q

NAME THE TWO MAIN CATEGORIES OF SITE DRAINAGE AND DESCRIBE EACH.

A
  • Subsurface drainage: Underground networks of piping conveying groundwater to a point of disposal. ex:
  • Surface drainage: Grading and surfacing of a site in order to divert rain and other surface water into natural drainage patterns or a municipal sewer system.
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27
Q

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A SWALE, A CATCH BASIN, AND A CULVERT?

A
  • Swale: shallow depressions formed by the intersection of two ground slopes, designed to direct or divert the runoff of surface water.
  • Catch basin: receptacles for the runoff of surface water. They have a basin or sump that retains heavy sediment before it can pass into an underground drainpipe.
  • Culvert: drains or channels passing under a road or walkway.
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28
Q

NAME THE THREE WAYS IN WHICH PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED.
DESCRIBE AND GIVE EXAMPLES.

A
  1. Direct gain: Collects heat directly within an interior space using a ‘storage mass” like a floor or wall. This storage mass should be 50-60% the total surface area of the space.
  2. Indirect gain: Controls heat gain at the exterior skin of a building using a concrete or masonry Trombe wall; a drumwall of water-filled barrels or tubes; a sunspace; or roof pond. The absorbed solar energy moves through the wall by conduction and then to the space by radiation or convection.
  3. Isolated gain: Collects and stores solar radiation (in air or water) away from the space to be heated. A natural convection loop brings warm air or water to the space and expels the cool.
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29
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO GENERAL CATEGORIES FOR THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF A BUILDING?

A

Substructure: the vertical extension of a building above foundations.

Superstructure: the underlying structure forming the foundations of a building.

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30
Q

WHAT PARTS IN THE NATIONAL BUILDING CODE APPLY TO:
A. STRUCTURAL DESIGN
B. HVAC
C. PLUMBING

A

A. NBC Part 4 - Structural Design
B. NBC Part 6 - HVAC
C. NBC Part 7 - Plumbing

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31
Q

WHAT DO THE FOLLOWING ACRONYMS STAND FOR:
A. CSA
B. ASHRAE
C. ASTM

A

A. CSA - Canadian Standards Association
B. ASHRAE - American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers
C. ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials

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32
Q

DEFINE AND PROVIDE EXAMPLES OF DYNAMIC LOADS

A

Dynamic loads are applied suddenly to a structure, often with a rapid change in magnitude and point of application.
- wind loads
- earthquake load

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33
Q

DEFINE AND PROVIDE EXAMPLES OF STATIC LOADS

A

Static loads are applied slowly to a structure without rapid fluctuations in magnitude or position.
- dead loads
- live loads
- occupancy loads
- snow loads, rain loads
- settlement loads
- ground pressure, water pressure
- thermal stresses
- impact loads
(CHING 2.10)

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34
Q

NAME 3 FORCES THAT MAY ACT ON A BUILDING DURING WIND EVENTS

A

Sliding, uplift, and overturning

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35
Q

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LIVE LOADS AND DEAD LOADS.

A

Both are examples of static loads.

Live load: comprise any moving or movable loads on a structure result-ing from occupancy, collected snow and water, or equipment. A live load typically acts vertically downward but may act horizontally as well to reflect the dynamic nature of a moving load.

Dead load: static loads acting vertically downward on a structure, comprising the weight of the structure and the weight if building ele-ments, fixtures, and equipment permanently attached to it.

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36
Q

THE FOUR BASIC AND MOST COMMON STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING.

A

Columns, beams, bearing walls, slabs

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37
Q

WHAT IS THE APPLIED FORCE CALLED FOR IN THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAM:
–> [_____] <–

A

Compression

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38
Q

WHAT IS THE APPLIED FORCE CALLED FOR IN THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAM:
/\ [______]\/

A

Shear

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39
Q

WHAT IS THE APPLIED FORCE CALLED FOR IN THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAM:
(> [______]<)

A

A:
Bending moment

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40
Q

Draw a simply supported beam with a point load diagram and forces diagram

A

Diagram should be a triangle

Forces diagram
/\ [___\/____]/\

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41
Q

Draw the moment diagram for a simply supported beam with an overhand

A

arc up and crossing be then curbing back up to beam end point

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42
Q

COLUMNS ARE SUBJECT TO WHAT TWO STRESSES?

A

Buckling and crushing.
Long, slender columns are subject to failure by buckling. Short, thick columns are subject to failure by crushing.

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43
Q

BEAMS ARE SUBJECT TO WHAT THREE STRESSES?

A

Bending, deflection, and shear.

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44
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS FOR CREATING LATERAL STABILITY IN A BUILDING?

A

Shear wall: A wood, concrete, or masonry wall capable of resisting changes in shape and transferring lateral loads to the ground foundation.

Rigid frame: a steel or reinforced concrete frame with rigid joints capable of resisting changes in angular relationships.

Braced frame: a timber or steel frame braced with diagonal members (including knee bracing, cross bracing, k-brace)

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45
Q

WHAT IS DESTRUCTIVE RESONANCE AND HOW IS IT MITIGATED?

A

Desctructive resonance is the destruction of a building or component by induced vibrations at a system’s resonance frequency, which causes it to oscillate. Caused by wind or earthquake forces.
Mitigated with the use of damping mechanisms.
Damping mechanisms are viscoelastic devices that are installed at structural joints to absorb oscillations and vibrations.
Examples: tuned mass damper (attached in the upper portion of a tall building to prevent movement), base isolation (isolated the base of the building with dampers

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46
Q

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE NOT DEAD LOADS:
1. HYDROSTATIC LOAD
2. UNIFORM LOAD
3. LIVE LOAD
4. CONCENTRATED LOAD

A

A:
Hydrostatic loads and live loads are not dead loads.

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47
Q

DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A POINT, LINE, AND SURFACE CONNECTION IN THEIR ABILITY TO REACT TO ROTATIONAL FORCES. INCLUDE AN EXAMPLE OF EACH.

A

Linear and surface connections resist rotation. Point connections do not resist rotation unless a series of them are distributed across a large area.
Point connection: bolt
Line connection: weld
Surface connection: glue

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48
Q

NAME THE THREE MAIN STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF FOUNDATIONS.

A
  • Bearing walls
  • Columns
  • Piers
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49
Q

DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF THE FOUNDATIONS IN A STRUCTURAL SYSTEM.

A
  • Carry the live loads and dead loads acting vertically on the superstructure.
  • Anchor the superstructure against wind induced sliding, overturning, and uplift.
  • Withstand sudden ground movement (as during earthquakes).
  • Resist pressure imposed by surrounding soil mass and groundwater on basement walls.
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50
Q

WHAT IS DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT?

A

Differential settlement is the relative movement of different parts of the structure caused by uneven consolidation of the foundation soil.

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51
Q

NAME FIVE FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN CHOOSING AND DESIGNING A FOUNDATION SYSTEM.

A
  • Building loads (pattern and magnitude)
  • Subsurface and groundwater conditions, bearing capacity of soil
  • Topography of the site
  • Impact on adjacent properties
  • Building code requirements
  • Construction method and risks
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52
Q

WHAT ARE SPREAD FOOTINGS?
NAME AND DESCRIBE THE TWO MOST COMMON TYPES.

A

Spread footings: The lowest part of a shallow foundation. They are extended laterally to distribute there load over an area of soil wide enough that the allowable bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded. Two most common types are:
Strip footings - continuous footings along foundation walls.
Isolated footings - isolated footings at the base of columns or pier.

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53
Q

WHAT IS THE FROST LINE?

A

Frost line: the average depth at which soil is frozen or frost penetrates the ground.

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54
Q

DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF THE FOUNDATION WALLS.

A
  • provide support for the superstructure above
  • enclose basement or crawl space
  • resist active earth pressure and anchor the superstructure against wind and seismic forces.
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55
Q

WHAT MAIN COMPONENTS FORM PART OF THE SUBSOIL OR FOUNDATION DRAINAGE SYSTEM?

A
  • Dampproofing and/or waterproofing on the foundation walls.
  • Drainage mat or gravel backfill to direct water to footing drains.
  • Footing drains (perforated pipe or drain tile)
  • Filler or sealants used at expansion joints between foundation walls and slab.
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56
Q

WHAT TYPE OF METAL FASTENERS SHOULD BE USED FOR WOOD FOUNDATION SYSTEMS?
WHAT TYPE OF WOOD?

A

Stainless steel or hot-dipped zinc coated steel. Pressure treated wood.

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57
Q

WHAT TYPE OF JOINT PROVIDES SPACE FOR MOVEMENT TO OCCUR BETWEEN A CONCRETE SLAB AND ADJOINING COLUMNS AND WALLS?

A

Expansion joints/isolation joints

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58
Q

WHAT TYPE OF JOINT CREATES LINES OF WEAKNESS SO THAT THE CRACKING THAT MAY RESULT FROM TENSILE STRESSES OCCURS ALONG PREDETERMINED LINES?

A

Control joints.

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59
Q

NAME TWO TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS
AND IN WHAT CONDITIONS MIGHT THEY BE USED?

A
  • Pile foundations
  • Caisson foundations

May be used when building on unsuitable or unstable soil

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60
Q

MASONRY ELEMENTS THAT ARE BONDED TOGETHER WITH MORTAR ARE STRONGER IN _______ THAN WOOD.

A

Compression

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61
Q

A. WHAT ARE THE KEY LOADS ACTING ON FLOOR SYSTEMS?
B. WHAT ARE THE TWO BASIC STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS GENERALLY USED FOR FLOORS?

A

A. Live loads - people, furnishings, and movable equipment
Dead loads - the weight of the floor construction itself

B. Beams and joists overlaid with sheathing or decking (wood, steel, or concrete)
Slab (concrete

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62
Q

A. WHAT ARE THE KEY LOADS ACTING ON WALL SYSTEMS?
B. WHAT ARE THE THREE BASIC STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS GENERALLY USED FOR WALLS?

A

A. Vertical dead and live loads
Horizontal wind loads and seismic loads

B. Structural frames (concrete, timber, steel) Concrete or masonry bearing walls Metal and wood stud walls

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63
Q

LIST THE COMPONENTS OF A STEEL FLOOR STRUCTURE AND DESCRIBE THEIR SEQUENCE IN THE ASSEMBLY.

A

Steel decking on steel beams
or steel decking on open web joists on beams
steel beams supported by girders, columns, or load-bearing walls

64
Q

WHEN IS IT SUITABLE TO USE:
A. ONE-WAY CONCRETE SLAB SYSTEM
B. TWO-WAY CONCRETE SLAB SYSTEM

A

A. One-way slab is most suitable for light to moderate loads over relatively short spans (6’ to 18’)
B. Two-way slab is most efficient when spanning square or nearly square bays, and suitable for carrying intermediate to heavy loads over 15’ to 40’ spans.

65
Q

SIMPLICITY OF FORMING, LOWER FLOOR-TO-FLOOR HEIGHTS, AND SOME FLEXIBILITY IN COLUMN PLACEMENT MAKE THIS CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEM PRACTICAL FOR APARTMENT AND HOTEL CONSTRUCTION.

A

Two-way flat plate.
A concrete slab of uniform thickness reinforced in two or more directions and supported directly by columns without beams or girders.

66
Q

WHAT IS PUNCHING SHEAR?

A

Punching shear is the potentially high shearing stress developed by the reactive force of a column on a reinforced concrete slab.

67
Q

WHAT IS PRESTRESSED CONCRETE?DESCRIBE THE TWO TYPES.

A

Prestressed concrete is reinforced by pretensioning or posttensioning high strength steel tendons within their elastic limit to actively resist a service load.

Pretensioning prestresses a concrete member by stretching the rein-forcing tendons before the concrete is cast.

Postensioning is the prestressing of a concrete member by tensioning the reinforcing tendons after the concrete has set/

68
Q

DESCRIBE THE BENEFITS OF PRETENSSIONING CONCRETE.

A

The tensile stresses in the tendons are transferred to the concrete, placing the entire cross section of the flexural member in compression. The resulting compressive stresses counteract the tensile bending stresses from the applied load, enabling the prestressed member to deflect less, carry a greater load, or span a greater distance than a conventionally reinforced member of the same size, proportion, and weight

69
Q

WHAT IS SHORING?

A

Temporary supports used to support beam and slab concrete forms until the concrete can cure and support itself.

70
Q

NAME THREE TYPES OF PRECAST CONCRETE SLABS.

A

Solid flat slabs
Hollow core slabs
Single Tees and double tees

71
Q

WHAT ARE SOME THINGS TO CONSIDER BEFORE CHOOSING A STRUCTURAL STEEL SYSTEM?

A
  • Structural steel is difficult to work on-site and is normally cut, shaped, and drilled in a fabrication shop. This can result in relatively fast construction time.
  • Structural steel loses strength rapidly in fire and must be covered for fire-resistance.
  • In exposed conditions, corrosion resistance is required.
  • Steel framing is most efficient when the girder and beam supports are laid out along a regular grid.
72
Q

NAME THE TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF A STRUCTURAL STEEL FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM AND THEIR SEQUENCING IN THE ASSEMBLY.

A

One-way beam system: Beams on girders
Two-way beam system: primary beams on secondary beams on steel trusses (long-spanning member)

73
Q

WHAT TYPE OF STEEL BEAM OR COLUMN IS SHOWN BELOW:

looks like a capital I

A

A:
Wide-flange (W shape) beam

74
Q

THE AISC (AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION) DEFINES THREE METHODS FOR CONNECTING STEEL MEMBERS. WHAT ARE THEY?

A
  • Moment connections
  • Shear connections
  • Semi-rigid connections
75
Q

A. _______ ARE LIGHT-WEIGHT, SHOP FABRICATED STEEL
MEMBERS HAVING A TRUSSED WEB.
B. _______ HAS A WEB CONSISTING OF A SINGLE BENT BAR, RUNNING IN A ZIG-ZAG BETWEEN THE UPPER
AND LOWER CHORDS.

A

A. Open-web joists
B. K-series joists

76
Q

WHAT ARE SOME OF THE BENEFITS OF OPEN-WEB JOIST FRAMING?

A
  • They permit the passage of mechanical services.
  • Light weight
  • Long spans
  • Prefabricated which may result in - -relatively fast construction.
77
Q

WHY IS METAL DECKING CORRUGATED?

A

A:
To increase it’s stiffness and spanning capability.

78
Q

WHAT ARE SOME OF THE BENEFITS OF LIGHT-GAUGE STEEL CONSTRUCTION?

A
  • Members are lighter and more dimensionally stable than wood and can span longer distances.
  • Conduct more heat and require more energy to process than wood.
  • Can be easily cut and assembled on site.
  • Framing contains cavities for utilities and thermal insulation.
  • Wide range of potential finishes.
79
Q

WOOD IS MOST SUSCEPTIBLE TO SHRINKAGE IN WHICH DIRECTION?

A

Wood is most susceptible to shrinkage perpendicular to the grain.

80
Q

WHAT ARE SOME CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE SELECTION OF A WOOD BEAM?

A
  • Lumber species
  • Structural grade
  • Modulus of elasticity
  • the minimum deflection permited for the intended use.
81
Q

_______ SPANS PRODUCE MORE UNIFORM STRESSES THAN ________ SPANS, RESULTING IN MORE EFFICIENT USE OF MATERIAL.

A

Continuous spans produce more uniform stresses than simple spans, resulting in more efficient use of material.

82
Q

IN CONCRETE COLUMNS, LATERAL REINFORCEMENT RESTRAINS THE VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT AND STRENGTHENS COLUMNS AGAINST __________.

A

Buckling

83
Q

WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE ADVANTAGE OF TILT-UP CONSTRUCTION?

A

The elimination of costs associated with constructing and strip-ping vertical wall forms.

84
Q

WHAT IS A WYTHE?

A

A wythe is a continuous vertical section of a wall that is one masonry unit thick.

85
Q

WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF CAVITY WALLS IN MASONRY CONSTRUCTION?

A
  • The cavity space enhances the thermal insulation value of the wall and permits the installation of additional thermal insulation material.
  • The air space acts as a barrier against water penetration if the cavity is kept clean, and if adequate weep holes and flashing are provided.
86
Q

WHAT ARE THE MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CLAY MASONRY VS. CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS?

A

Clay masonry units tend to absorb water and expand. Concrete masonry units usually shrink as they dry.

87
Q

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONTROL JOINTS AND EXPANSION JOINTS IN MASONRY CONSTRUCTION?

A

Control joints are constructed to open slightly to accommodate shrinkage of a concrete masonry wall as it dries after construction.

Expansion joints are continuous, unobstructed slots construct-ed to close slightly to accommodate the moisture expansion of brick and stone masonry surfaces.

88
Q

WHAT ARE THE MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD-FORMED VS HOT ROLLED STEEL?

A

Hot rolled steel is less precise due to the shrinkage that occurs during cooling. Flexible and strong.

Cold-formed steel is essentially hot rolled steel that gets formed after cooling. Better finish, tolerance, and more precise than hot rolled steel. Small, lightweight units. Decreased ductility (less flexible than hot rolled).

89
Q

FOR COLUMNS, WHAT IS THE SLENDERNESS RATIO (L/r) AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?

A

Slenderness ration determines the allowable load on a column. In L/r, ‘L ‘is the unsupported length of the column in inches and ‘r’ is the least radius of gyration for the cross section of the column.
As the slenderness ratio increases, a column can fail from buckling.

90
Q

HOW ARE LATERAL WIND AND SEISMIC FORCES ADDRESSED IN POST AND BEAM FRAMING?

A

Resistance to lateral wind and seismic forces requires the use of rigid shear walls or diagonal bracing.

91
Q

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BALLOON FRAMING AND PLATFORM FRAMING?

A

Balloon framing utilizes studs that rise the full height of the frame from sill plate to roof plate.
Platform framing is a light wood frame having studs only one story high, regardless of the stories built.

92
Q

WHAT CONSIDERATIONS SHOULD BE MADE FOR METAL CONNECTORS EXPOSED TO WEATHER?

A

Connector should be galvanized or plated to resist corrosion.

93
Q

WHAT IS THE MINIMUM SLOPE FOR A FLAT ROOF?

A

1:50 (1/4” per foot)

94
Q

WHAT ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATION SHOULD BE MADE FOR ENCLOSED ROOF SPACES?

A

Roof is the location with the greatest temperature differential, and so ventilation should be provided to prevent condensation.

95
Q

MATERIALS THAT UNDERGO PLASTIC DEFORMATION BEFORE BREAKING ARE TERMED _________.

A

Ductile

96
Q

WHAT MATERIAL PROPERTIES SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN SELECTING A BUILDING MATERIAL?

A
  • Strength, elasticity, and stiffness
  • Dimensional stability as it responds to changes in temperature and moisture content.
  • Resistance of a material to water and water vapor.
  • Thermal conductivity
  • A material’s transmission, reflection, or absorption of visible light and radiant heat.
  • Density or hardness of a material determines durability/ resistance to wear and abrasion.
  • The ability of a material to resist combustion, and withstand exposure to fire.
  • Colour, texture, and scale.
  • Standard sizes.
  • Embodied energy
97
Q

IN BUILDING MATERIALS, WHAT IS ELASTICITY?

A

Elasticity is the ability of a material to deform under stress - bend, stretch, or compress - and return to it’s original shape when the applied stress is removed. Every material has an elastic limit beyond which it will break or deform.
The most effective structural materials are those that combine elasticity with stiffness.

98
Q

IN BUILDING MATERIALS, WHAT IS STIFFNESS?

A

Stiffness is a measure of the extent to which an elastic body resists deformation.
The stiffness of a solid body is dependent on its structural shape as well as the elasticity of its material and is an important factor when considering the relationship between span and deflection under loading.

99
Q

WHAT IS CONCRETE?
WHAT ARE IT’S KEY STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS?

A
  • Concrete is a mix of cement, mineral aggregates, and water.
  • Concrete is inherently strong in compression, and weaker in tension and shear.
  • Steel reinforcement is required to handle tensile and shear stresses.
100
Q

WHAT ARE THE PROS AND CONS OF USING CONCRETE AS A BUILDING MATERIAL?

A

Pros:
- Can be formed into almost any shape
- Variety of surface finishes and textures
- Inherent fire-resistance
Cons:
- Heavy
- Forming, molding, time required before it can be placed to set and cure.
- Requires reinforcement.
- High embodied carbon
(CHING 12.04)

101
Q

WHAT IS STEEL?
WHAT ARE IT’S KEY STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS?

A
  • Steel refers to any of various iron-based alloys having a carbon content less than that of cast iron and more than that of wrought iron.

Strength, hardness, and elasticity varies depending on composition and heat treatment.

Steel combines high strength and stiffness with elasticity.

102
Q

WHAT METALS ARE CORROSION RESISTANT AND CAN BE EXPOSED TO WEATHER?

A
  • Steel that is painted, galvanized, or chemically treated.
  • Stainless steel
  • Aluminum
  • Copper
  • Lead
  • Brass
103
Q

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN COPPER IS IN CONTACT WITH RED CEDAR?

A

Contact with red cedar in the presence of moisture will cause premature discoloration of the copper.

104
Q

WHAT OTHER MATERIALS SHOULD AVOID CONTACT WITH ALUMINUM AND WHY?

A

are must be taken to insulate aluminum from contact with other metals to prevent galvanic action.

It should also be isolated from alkaline materials such as wet concrete, mortar, and plaster.

105
Q

WHAT IS GALVANIC ACTION?

A

Galvanic action can occur between two dissimilar metals when enough moisture is present for electric current to flow. This electric current will tend to corrode one metal while plating the other. The severity of the galvanic action depends on how far apart the two metals are on the galvanic series table.

106
Q

WHAT ARE THE KEY STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WOOD?

A

Grain direction is the major determining factor in the use of wood as a structural material. Also, the manner in which the lumber is cut from the log.
Tensile and compressive forces are best handled by wood in a direction parallel to the grain.
Tensile forces perpendicular to the grain will cause the wood to split. The shear strength of wood is greater across its grain than parallel
to its grain. It is therefor more susceptible to horizontal shear than vertical shear.

107
Q

WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF MASS TIMBER?

A
  • Because of their relative strength and dimensional stability, mass timber products offer low carbon alternatives to steel, concrete and masonry.
  • Wood is a renewable and sustainable resource.
  • Mass timber panels are capable of heights and spans that once required steel or concrete.
  • Prefabrication allows for faster construction with fewer deliveries and less labour.
  • Structural elements may be left exposed on the interior.
  • Large timbers are naturally fire resistant due to the insulating layer of char that develops as the wood burns.
108
Q

WHAT IS TEMPERED GLASS?

A

Tempered glass is annealed glass (cooled slowly to relieve internal stresses) that is reheated to just below the softening point and the rapidly cooled to induce compressive stresses in the surfaces and edges of the glass and tensile stresses in the interior.
Tempered glass has three to five times the resistance of annealed glass to impact and thermal stresses but cannot be altered after fabrication.
When fractured, it breaks into relatively harmless pebble-sized particles.

109
Q

WHAT IS LAMINATED GLASS?

A

Laminated glass (or safety glass) consists of two or more plies of flat glass bonded under heat and pressure to interlayers of polyvinyl butyr-al resin that retains the fragments if the glass is broken.

110
Q

WHAT IS INSULATED GLASS?

A

Insulated glass is a glass unit consisting of two or more sheets of glass separated by a hermetically sealed air space to provide thermal insulation and restrict condensation.

111
Q

WHAT IS LOW-E GLASS?

A

Low-E Glass or low-emissivity glass, transmits visible light while selectively reflecting the longer wavelengths of radiant heat, pro-duced by depositing a low-e coating either on the glass itself or over a transparent plastic film suspending in the sealed air space of insulating glass.

112
Q

WHAT TYPE TWO TYPES OF CORROSION RESISTANT NAILS?

A
  • Hot-dipped galvanized steel
  • Aluminum alloy
113
Q

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF A VEGETATED ROOF?

A
  • Natural covering protects the waterproof membrane from daily temperature fluctuations and the ultraviolet radiation of the sun that breaks down conven-tional roofing systems.
  • Conserves a permeable area that would otherwise be replaced by the build-ings footprint.
  • Controls the volume of stormwater runoff
  • Improves air and water quality
  • Helps reduce the heat island effect
  • Increases the insulation value of the roof and stabilizes indoor air temperatures and humidity, potentially reducing operating costs to heat and cool the building.
114
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: WHEN USING METAL ROOFING, FLASHING AND FASTENINGS SHOULD BE THE SAME METAL.

A

True.
To avoid possible galvanic action.

115
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO MAIN TYPES OF MEMBRANE ROOFING SYSTEMS?

A
  • Built-up roofing systems
  • Single-ply roofing systems
116
Q

WHAT IS A VAPOR RETARDER?
WHERE SHOULD IT BE LOCATED IN THE ASSEMBLY?

A

Vapor retarder impedes the passage of water vapor.
It should be placed on the warm side of the assembly.
The temperature of the vapor retarder should be warmer than the dew point temperature to prevent condensation from occurring.

117
Q

BECAUSE THERE IS NO SLOPE LIMITATION, THIS ROOFING SYSTEM CAN BE USED FOR COMPLEX OR CONTOURED ROOF FORMS.

A

Single-ply membrane roofing - fully adhered system. The membrane is fully adhered with binding adhesive

118
Q

WHAT METALS ARE GOOD FOR EXTERIOR FLASHING?

A
  • Aluminum
  • Copper
  • Painted galvanized steel
  • Stainless steel
  • Zinc alloy
  • Terne metal
  • Copper clad lead
119
Q

WHAT IS CAPILLARY ACTION?

A

Capillary action is a manifestation of surface tension by which the greater adhesion of a liquid to a solid surface than the internal cohesion of the liquid itself causes the liquid to be elevated against a vertical surface.

120
Q

WHAT ARE THE FIVE WAYS THAT WATER CAN PENETRATE EXTERIOR WALL JOINTS AND ASSEMBLIES?

A
  • Kinetic energy of raindrops
  • Gravity flow
  • Surface tension
  • Pressure differential
121
Q

ACCORDING TO HOW EXTERIOR WALLS DETER WATER PENETRATION, THEY CAN BE PUT INTO FOUR CATEGORIES. WHAT ARE THEY?

A
  • Mass wall systems
  • Barrier wall systems such as EIFS walls
  • Drainage walls
  • Rainscreen walls
122
Q

WHAT IS A RAINSCREEN WALL AND HOW DO THEY WORK?

A

Rainscreen walls consist of an outer layer of cladding (the rainscreen), an air cavity, and a drainage plane on a rigid, water resistant, and air-tight support wall.

  1. Cladding sheds most of the rain.
  2. Air cavity serves as drainage layer to remove any water that may penetrate the outer cladding layer.
    Air cavity also serves as a place for the equalization of air pressure.
  3. Air-barrier contains joints and seals and controls the flow of air through the wall. Can be placed on either side of the insulation.
  4. Thermal insulation placed on the indoor side of the air cavity.
123
Q

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A THERMAL BREAK AND A THERMAL BRIDGE?

A

Thermal break is an element of low thermal conductivity placed in an assembly to reduce or prevent the flow of thermal energy between conductive materials. Often incorporated in window frames, a thermal break is needed where a highly conductive material, such as metal, goes from the interior to the exterior.
Thermal breaks in metal window frames are more important for decreasing the likelihood of condensation than for retarding thermal transfer.
Thermal bridge is the opposite of a thermal break.

124
Q

WHAT IS R-VALUE?

A

R-value is a measure of thermal resistance of a given material.
It is expressed as the temperature difference required to cause heat to flow through a unit area of material at the rate of one heat unit per hour.
Rt is the total thermal resistance for a construction assembly and is equal to the sum of the individual R-values of the component materials.
The R-Value for a component or assembly is the reciprocal of it’s U-value.
The higher the R-Value, the better.

125
Q

WHAT IS U-VALUE?

A

U-value is a measure of the thermal transmittance of a building com-ponent or assembly.
It is expressed as the rate of heat transfer through a unit area of a building component or assembly caused by a difference of one degree between the air temperatures on the two sides of the component or assembly.
The U-value of a component or assembly is the reciprocal of its
R-value.
The lower the U-value, the better.

126
Q

WHAT ARE FOUR BROAD CATEGORIES OF INSULATION MATERIALS?

A

Batt insulation
Rigid foam insulation
Foamed-in-place insulation
Loose-fill insulation
Reflective insulation

127
Q

WHAT ARE TWO EXAMPLES OF BATT INSULATION?WHEN MIGHT IT BE USED?

A

Fiberglass or Rock wool (mineral wool)
For installation between studs, joists, rafters, or furring. Non-combustible.

128
Q

WHAT ARE TWO EXAMPLES OF RIGID FOAM INSULATION?WHEN MIGHT IT BE USED?

A

Cellular glass, polystyrene, polyurethane
Boards may be applied over roof deck, over wall framing as sheathing, in cavity walls, or beneath an interior finish material.
Polystyrene can come in contact with the earth.
The plastics are combustible and give of toxic fumes when burned.

129
Q

WHAT FACTORS AFFECT HEAT LOSS OR GAIN IN A WALL ASSEMBLY?

A
  • Thermal resistance of construction assembly (total R-value)
  • Surface colour and reflectivity. Light colours and shiny surfaces tend to reflect more thermal radiation than dark, textured ones.
  • The mass of the assembly
  • The orientation of the exterior surfaces of the building.
  • Latent heat sources and heat gain from the occupants, lighting, and equipment within a building.
  • Proper installation of thermal insulation and vapor retarders.
130
Q

WHAT IS DEW POINT?

A

Dew point is the temperature at which vapor condenses.
In other words, is the point at which air must be cooled to become saturated with water vapor.
If moisture vapor comes into contact with a cool surface whose temperature is at or below the dew point of the air, it will condense.

131
Q

HOW CAN CONDENSATION BE MITIGATED?

A
  • Moisture vapor must be prevented from penetrating the enclosed spaces of exterior construction with the use of vapor retarders or
  • be allowed to escape by means of ventilation, before it can condense into liquid.
132
Q

WHICH HAS A HIGHER DEW POINT, WARM AIR OR COOL AIR?

A

Warm air is capable of holding more moisture vapor and has a higher dew point than cooler air.

133
Q

BUILDING WRAP, LIQUID-APPLIED MEMBRANE, AND SELF-ADHERED ASPHALT SHEETS ARE EXAMPLES OF WHAT?

A

These are examples of materials that can perform as air barrier, vapor retarder, and WRB (water resistive barrier).

134
Q

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
A VAPOR RETARDER AND AN AIR BARRIER?

A

Vapor retarders are intended to prevent water vapor from passing through breathable building materials and potentially condensing within a construction assembly. A vapor retarder slows vapor flow by diffusion. A small crack here an there is less important than with an air barrier system. A 95% complete vapor retarder will stop 95% of vapour from diffusing through the wall. Most often on the warm side of the assembly, depending on climate.
Air barriers are installed to stop the movement of air caused by differences in air pressure between the interior and exterior of the building. To stop air movement, the air barrier must system must be complete throughout the entire envelope, with minimum cracks. Air barriers can be placed anywhere in the assembly.

135
Q

PAINT AND POLYETHYLENE BOTH MAY SERVE WHAT FUNCTION IN A BUILDING WALL ASSEMBLY?

A

A:
Vapor retarder.

136
Q

WHAT IS VAPOR DRIVE?

A

The movement of vapor by diffusion through an assembly from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.
The vapour drive may be from the interior to the exterior during one season and then reverse during another season.
Diffusion is dependent on air temperature and the concentration of water vapor in the air. As the amount of

137
Q

VAPOR ONLY CONDENSES ON COLDER SURFACES, SUCH AS GLASS, THAT IMPEDE THE FLOW OF AIR.
TRUE OR FALSE?

A

True

138
Q

IF THE AIR BARRIER SYSTEM IS ALSO A VAPOR RETARDER, WHERE SHOULD IT BE PLACED IN THE ASSEMBLY?

A

If the air barrier system is also a vapor retarder, it must be on the ‘warm’ side of the wall.

139
Q

WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF AIR BARRIER SYSTEMS THAT ARE ALSO VAPOR RETARDERS?

A

Polyethylene, sealed
Peel-and-stick
Asphalt sheet membrane and fluid applied membrane.
Building paper is not a vapor retarder so it is suitable for all climates

140
Q

WHAT IS TYVEK?

A

“the Gore-Text of the building industry”
Tyvek is the most well know building wrap, a water barrier and air barrier system.
It works on the same principle as Gore-Tex.
Stops wind and water from outside and allows water vapor created inside to escape.

141
Q

WHAT IS AN HRV?

A

Heat Recovery Ventilators (HRV) use a heat-exchange core to transfer heat from the exhaust air stream to the prefiltered fresh air stream in the winter and during the summer, cool the prefiltered fresh air stream with the exhaust air stream.

142
Q

NAME AND DESCRIBE THREE TYPES OF MOVEMENT JOINTS.

A

Expansion Joints: continuous, unobstructed slots constructed between two parts of a building or structure permitting thermal or moisture expansion to occur without damage to either part.
Control Joints: continuous grooves or separations formed in concrete ground slabs and concrete masonry walls to form a plane of weakness and thus regulate the location and amount of cracking resulting from drying shrinkage, thermal stresses, or structural movement.
Isolation Joints: divides a large or geometrically complex structure into sections so that differential movement can occur between the parts.

143
Q

WHAT ARE SOME TYPICAL MOVEMENT JOINT LOCATIONS

A
  • Where a new building meets an existing structure.
  • Long surface areas.
  • Surfaces with severe solar exposure.
  • Parapet walls.
  • Long, linear building elements.
  • Horizontal and vertical discontinuities in the massing of a building (such as where a low mass meets a tall mass).
144
Q

NAME AND DESCRIBE THE FOUR WAYS THE HUMAN BODY LOSES OR TRANSFERS HEART TO THE SURROUNDINGS.

A

Conduction: Transfer of heat through direct contact.
Convection: Transfer of heat through liquid or gas.
Radiation: Transfer of heat energy in the form of electromagnetic waves from a warm body to a cool body.
Evaporation: Transfer of heat through evaporation. Heat is required for the evaporative process of converting body moisture into vapor.

145
Q

POOR REFLECTORS MAKE GOOD RADIATORS. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

True.
Darker colours absorb heat and radiate

146
Q

WHAT FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO PRESSURE LOSS DUE TO HYDRAULIC FRICTION
IN WATER SERVICE RUNS?

A
  • Diameter of pipe
  • Distance of water flow
  • Number of valves, tees, and elbow fittings. Runs should be as direct and straight as possible.
147
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO MAJOR TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS?

A

Wet Pipe System
Contain water at sufficient pressure to provide an immediate, continuous discharge through sprinkler heads that open automatically in the event of a fire.
Dry Pipe System
Contain pressurized air that is released when a sprinkler head opens, allowing water to flow through the pipe and out the open nozzle. Often used where pipes are subject to freezing.

148
Q

WHAT IS GREYWATER?

A

Greywater refers to the wastewater from sinks, baths, showers, and dishwashers, which can be treated and recycled for such used as toilet flushing and irrigation.

149
Q

WHAT IS TRANSMISSION LOSS (TL)?

A

Transmission Loss (TL) is a measure of the performance of a building material or construction assembly in preventing the transmission of airborne sound.

150
Q

WHAT IS SOUND TRANSMISSION CLASS (STC)?

A

Sound Transmission Class (STC) is a single-number rating of the per-formance of a building material or construction assembly in preventing the transmission of airborne sound, derived by comparing the labora-tory TL test curve for the material or assembly to a standard frequency curve. The higher the STC rating, the greater the sound-isolating value of the material or construction.

151
Q

WHAT THREE FACTORS ENHANCE THE
‘TL’ RATING OF A CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLY?

A
  1. Separation into layers
  2. Mass
  3. Absorptive capacity

Also: staggered studs, resilient mounting, air spaces, sealed pipe pen-etrations, and air ducts should be baffled. Heavier, more dense bodies have a greater resistance to sound transmission.

152
Q

What’s the relationship between Sound
Transmission Class rating and an
assembly’s structural make-up?

A

Acoustical ratings (or STC rating) for
assemblies decrease with decreasing depth
and decreasing separation of the structural
members.

153
Q

What is Sound Transmission Class (STC)
and how does it relate to actual sound
transmission? For example, if you have a
wall assembly with an STC rating of 33
and one with 63, which one is quieter and
by how much?

A

Sound Transmission Class (or STC) is an integer rating of how well a building partition attenuates airborne sound. STC is roughly
the decibel reduction in noise a partition can provide, abbreviated ‘dB’. The dB scale is a logarithmic one and the human ear perceives
a 10dB reduction in sound as roughly halving the volume - a 40 dB noise subjectively seems half as loud as a 50 dB one. Similarly, a
wall with an STC of 63 is perceived by the human ear to be 88% quieter or allow 1/8 as much perceived sound through than a wall
with an STC of 33. From 33 to 43 sound is halved (1/2), from 43 to 53 it’s halved again (1/4), from 53 to 63 it’s halved yet again (1/8).

154
Q

What do the construction documents
consist of? (7 items)

A
  • Bidding Requirements
  • Contract Forms
  • Contract Conditions
  • Specifications
  • Drawings
  • Addendum
  • Contract Modifications
155
Q

List the rules related to writing a good
specification.

A

Be brief and clear
use imperative style
address instructions to the contractor
avoid repetition, specifying anything which is not to be enforced, “or equal” phrases, “scope” or “scope of work” paragraphs, weasel paragraphs.

156
Q
A

ExAC (8 decks)

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