Cognitive Psychology- Attention

Question 1

In a dichotic listening experiment, the participants task is to focus on the message in one ear and to repeat what they are hearing out loud. The procedure of repeating words as they are heard is called ______

Answer 1

shadowing

Question 2

the amount of information people can handle and sets a limit on their ability to process incoming information

Answer 2

processing capacity

Question 3

tasks that are well practiced and easy are _______ load tasks

Answer 3

low

Question 4

tasks that are difficult and not well practiced are _______ load tasks

Answer 4

high

Question 5

carrying out a _____ load task leaves processing capacity available to process task-irrelevant stimuli

Answer 5

low

Question 6

the physical properties of the stimulus, such as colour, contrast or movement

Answer 6

stimulus salience

Question 7

an experiment that determines whether presenting a cue indicating where a a test stimulus will appear enhances the processing of the target stimulus

Answer 7

precueing

Question 8

an effect that occurs when the map of categories on the brain changes to make more space for categories that are being searched for as a person attends to a scene

Answer 8

attentional warping

Question 9

A procedure that was developed to answer the question, “what percentage of the time during the day are people engaged in a specific behavior?” One way this has been achieved is by having people report what they are doing when they receive signals at random times during the day

Answer 9

experience sampling

Question 10

The question of how an object’s individual features become bound together, which is called the binding problem, has been addressed by Anne Treisman’s ________ ________ theory.

Answer 10

feature integration

Question 11

According to feature integration theory, what are the two stages of processing that occur ?

Answer 11

1. preattentive
2. focused attention

Question 12

what are the two factors Lavie considers when determining how people ignore distracting stimuli when they are trying to focus their attention on a task?

Answer 12

1. processing capacity
2. perceptual load

Question 13

we combine physical characteristics such as colour, orientation and intensity at each location in a scene to create what?

Answer 13

saliency map

Question 14

an effect that typically shows that participants respond faster and more accurately regarding two stimuli or feature when enhancement spreads within the object

Answer 14

same object

Question 15

an important feature of brain maps is an effect that occurs when a person is on the lookout for vehicles, the brain becomes tuned so that large areas respond best to vehicles and things related to vehicles

Answer 15

attentinal warping

Question 16

Even though you think you are paying attention to the road, you fail to notice a car swerve into your lane of traffic, resulting in a traffic accident is an example of what?

Answer 16

inattentional blindness

Question 17

a task which participants scan a scene to find specific objects

Answer 17

visual search

Question 18

when participants are doing a visual search task, and presented with a hard task, they were not able to detect a tone when engaged in searching for specific objects in the scene

Answer 18

inattentional deafness

Question 19

a procedure used to demonstrate lack of attention in which one picture is presented followed by another picture, and the task is determine what the difference is between the two pictures

Answer 19

change detection

Question 20

difficulty detecting changes in similar, but slightly different scenes that are presented in a change detection task. these changes are often easy to see once attention is directed to them but are usually undetected in the absence of appropriate attention

Answer 20

change blindness

Question 21

In film, changes that occur from one scene to another that do not match, such as when a character reaches for a croissant in one shot, which turns into a pancake in the next shot.

Answer 21

continuity errors

Question 22

the process by which features such as colour, form, motion and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object

Answer 22

binding

Question 23

the combination of features from different stimuli

Answer 23

illusionary conjunctions

Question 24

a type of visual search task used to studying the role of attention in binding where participants have to search for a combination of two or more features in the same stimulus

Answer 24

conjunction search

Question 25

what are the two different networks revealed by imaging experiments in which participants carried out tasks involving salience or involving top down processing?

Answer 25

1. ventral attention network
2. dorsal attention network

Question 26

the ______ attention network controls attention based on salience

Answer 26

ventral

Question 27

the _______ attention network controls attention based on top-down processes

Answer 27

dorsal

Question 28

_______ connectivity refers to how easily activity can travel along a particular pathway

Answer 28

effective

Question 29

________ Occurs when neural responses become synchronized in time, so positive and negative responses occur at the same time and with similar amplitudes.

Answer 29

Synchronization

Question 30

It has been proposed that this mechanism is responsible for enhanced effective connectivity and enhanced communication between two areas that accompany shifts of attention

Answer 30

Synchronization

Question 31

The network is responsible for
executive functions.

Answer 31

executive attention network

Question 31

flow in attention systems changes depending on whether attention is being controlled by stimulus salience or by top-down factors, with more flow in the ventral network for controlled by _______ and more in the dorsal network when flow is controlled by ________

Answer 31

• salience
• top-down factors

Question 31

Different tasks don’t just shift activity from one pathway to an-other. They also change the ________ connectivity between different areas in a network.

Answer 31

effective connectivity

Question 32

the basic road systems of the brain remain the same, but the flow becomes easier in certain directions, depending on _____ and this is what happens for attention when the effective connectivity between different structures in a network changed depending on ________

Answer 32

conditions
conditions

Question 33

synchronisation is a mechanism that has been suggested to explain how _________ connectivity changes

Answer 33

effective