catecholamines

Question 1

tyrosine

Answer 1

the rate limiting step for all catcholamines

Question 2

D1 like receptors (D1, D5)

Answer 2

stimulate adenyl cyclase activity and cAMP synthesis

Question 3

metabotropic receptors

Answer 3

• interact with G-proteins
• turn on intercellular signaling cascades that create positive metabolism

Question 4

D2 like receptors

the action… the one about adenyl

Answer 4

inhibit adenyl cyclase activity and cAMP synthesis

Question 5

D2 like receptors

Answer 5

D2, D3 and D4 are metabotropic but only D2 acts as an auto receptor and postsynaptic receptor

Question 6

reuptake

Answer 6

transporter proteins move neurotransmitters from cleft back into presynaptic terminal via Na and K concentration gradients
- molecules are repackaged into vesicles or broken down for parts

Question 7

enzymatic degradation

Answer 7

catechol-o-methyltransferase(COMT) transfers a methyl group onto the catecholamines
- monoamine oxidase (MAO) oxidizes the amine group of catecholamines after reuptake

Question 8

mesocorticolimbic dopamine

Answer 8

involved in emotionally based behviours
- motivation
- incentive
- salience
- reward

Question 9

nigrostriatal dopamine

Answer 9

plays essential role in the control of voluntary motor movement
- parkinson’s disease is a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substania nigra

Question 10

catecholamine release

Answer 10

• nerve impulse reaches terminal
• voltage gated calcium channels detect change in voltage and open, calcium comes in
• calcium sensors trigger exocytosis
• amphetamines and methamphetamines drive DA release in the absence of any action potentials

Question 11

dopamine

Answer 11

occurs predominantly inside vesicles

Question 12

norepinephrine

Answer 12

central production
- locus coeruleus
- raphe nuclei

Question 13

epinepherine

Answer 13

peripheral production
- adrenal medulla

Question 14

alpha 1 (a1)

Answer 14

operate via phosphoinositide 2nd messenger system

Question 15

alpha 2 (a2)

Answer 15

a2 receptors reduce synthesis of cAMP (like D2-like)

Question 16

beta adrenoreceptors

Answer 16

b1 and b2 stimulate adenyl cyclase and enhance synthesis of cAMP (like D1- like)

Question 17

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 17

• short preganglionic fibers in thoracic and lumbar spinal regions
• long lost- ganglionic fibers reach target tissues

Question 18

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 18

• long preganglionic fibers in cranial and sacral spinal regions
• short post- ganglionic fibers live near target tissues

Question 19

beta blockers

Answer 19

• prevent normal binding via competitive antagonism
• used to reduce systems of the fight or flight respinse

Question 20

vagus nerves

Answer 20

• centrally released hormones reach the target organs in the periphery
• peripherally released hormones cannot cross BBB
• peripheral epinephrine facilitates the consolidation of emotional memories
• peripheral norep and ep can indirectly influence brain activity by stimulating cranial nerve X via beta blockers

Question 21

dopamine synthesis

Answer 21

tyrosine -> DOPA -> dopamine