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Biology Ap > Chapter 55 > Flashcards

Chapter 55 Flashcards

1
Q

What direction does energy flow?

A

One direction

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2
Q

Chemical cycling

A

Chemicals cycle within ecosystems

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3
Q

Ecosystem

A

All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them.

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4
Q

Does total amount of energy in ecosystem change?

A

No

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5
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Every exchange of energy increases entropy(lack of order in a system) of the universe. Energy conversion are always inefficient, some heat is always lost

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6
Q

Detritus

A

All the nonliving organism material in the ecosystem such as bodies of dead organisms and dead leaves.

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7
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organism that is able to form nutrition organisms substances form simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide

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8
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organism substances

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9
Q

Herbivores

A

Primary consumers, hunted by carnivores

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10
Q

Secondary consumers

A

Also carnivores, hunted by other carnivores

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11
Q

Detrivore

A

Animal whichx feeds on dead organic material, especially plant detritus.
Aka decomposers
Most common, fungi

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12
Q

Primary production

A

The amount of light energy converted into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds

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13
Q

What happens which primary produces are chemoautotrophs

A

Initial energy input is chemical and are the organism compounds synthesized by the microorganism.

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14
Q

Amount of energy earths atmosphere is struck by

A

10^32 joules

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15
Q

Gross primary production

A

Total primary production, amount of light energy converted to chemical energy per unit time.

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16
Q

Net primary production

A

R = total amount of organic carbons that is reprised (Oxidized to CO2) by plants per unit time
NPP = GPP - R_a

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17
Q

Biomass

A

Primary production represents storage of chemical E available to the consumers in the ecosystem

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18
Q

Most productive ecossytem

A

Tropical rain forest

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19
Q

Light limitation

A

Depth of light penetration affects primary production through the photic szone of an ocean.

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20
Q

Nutrient limitation

A

Nutrients limit primary production more than light in most oceans and lakes.

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21
Q

Limiting nutrient

A

Element that must be added to increase production
Iron is a common limiting nutrient. Can stimulate growth of Cyanobacteria that fix additional atmosphere nitrogen.

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22
Q

Where in oceans is there high primary production

A

Areas of upwelling

23
Q

Eutrophication in freshwater

A

Caused by sewage and fertilizer runoff from farms and lawns.

24
Q

Net ecosystem production

A

Measure of the total biomass accumulation during that time

25
Q

Use of NEP

A

Determine if Ecosystem is gaining/losing C overtime
NPP can loose C if heterotrophs release CO2 faster than primary produces can incorporate it to organic compounds.

26
Q

Main factors that control PP

A

Temperature and moisture

27
Q

Low productivity systems

A

Hot and dry like deserts or cold and dry like arctic tundra

28
Q

Common limiting mineral nutrients

A

Nitrogen and Phosphorus

29
Q

How do plants increase uptake of limiting nutients?

A

-Mutualisms like symbiosis w/ plant roots and N fixing bacteria
- Mycorrhizal association between plant roots and fungi
-Release enzymes/other stuff to soil to increase availability

30
Q

Secondary production

A

Amount of chemical energy in consumers food that is converted to their own new biomass during a given period

31
Q

Assimilation

A

Consists of the total energy taken in, not including loss of waste, used for growth, reproduction, and respiration

32
Q

Trophic efficiency

A

Percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next.

33
Q

Turnover time

A

Amount of time required for replacement by flow-through of the energy or substance of interest contained in the system

34
Q

Importance of C

A

Forms framework of the organic mulecules essential to all organisms

35
Q

What removes a lot of CO2

A

Photosynthesis

36
Q

Importance of N

A

Part of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids

37
Q

Where is N found

A

Atmosphere 80% N
soil and sediments

38
Q

Importance of P

A

constituent of nucleic acids, phospholipids and ATP, also bonds and teeth

39
Q

Common form of P used in living organisms

A

Phosphate

40
Q

Where is P usually found

A

Marine sedimentary rock, soil, oceans, organisms

41
Q

Decomposers E source

A

detritus

42
Q

Growth of Decomposers controlled by?

A

Temperature, moisture, and nutrient availability

43
Q

Decomposition in tropical vs Temperate forest

A

Tropical is faster, and most nutrient in tree trunk.
Most nutrient in soil in temeprate

44
Q

Biomremidiation

A

Making land less toxic by removing the toxic metals in land

45
Q

Biological augmentation

A

Add necessary resources/material into the soil with the help of organisms

46
Q

Biogeochemical cycles

A

Any of the various chemical cycles, which involve both biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems.

47
Q

Reserrvoirs

A

Location of chemical element consisting of either organic or inorganic materials that are either available to for direct use by organisms or unavailable as nutrients

48
Q

Reservoir of C

A

Fossil fules soils, marine sediment, plant/animal biomass. Largest is sedimentary rock like limestone

49
Q

dentrification

A

the microbial process of reducing nitrate and nitrite to gaseous forms of nitrogen, principally nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitrogen (N2

50
Q

Assimilation

A

Consists of the total energy taken in, not including loss of waste, used for growth, reproduction, and respiration

51
Q

Biomass

A

Total quantity of weight of organisms in a given area of volume

52
Q

N Fixation

A

N2 taken fro atmosphere and converted into N compounds for other biochemical processes

53
Q

Ammonification

A

\NH4

Biology Ap (9 decks)

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