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General Anatomy > General Anatomy L.1 > Flashcards

General Anatomy L.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.

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2
Q

What are the different branches of anatomy?

A
  • Gross (macroscopic) anatomy
  • Embryology
  • Systematic anatomy
  • Comparative anatomy
    Regional Anatomy
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3
Q

What is “osteology” the study of?

A

bones

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4
Q

What is the locomotor system composed of?

A
  • The skeletal system (passive locomotor)
  • The muscular system (active locomotor)
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5
Q

What is the locomotor system also known as?

A

the musculoskeletal system.

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6
Q

What are the subcategorizations of the skeleton?

A

Axial skeleton (skeleton axiale)
Appendicular skeleton (skeleton appendiculare)

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7
Q

What is the axial skeleton composed of?

A

SKULL (cranium)
VERTEBRAL COLUMN (columna vertebralis)

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8
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton composed of?

A

bones of the THORACIC LIMB (ossa membri thoracici)
bones of the PELVIC LIMB (ossa membri pelvyni)

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9
Q

How are bones classified?

A

according to shape

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10
Q

What are the different classifications of bones?

A

1) Long bones
2) Flat bones
3) Short bones
4) Irregular bones
5) Sesamoid bones
6) Pneumatic bones

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11
Q

State an example of a long bone.

A

femur

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12
Q

State an example of a flat bone.

A

shoulder bone

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13
Q

State an example of short bone.

A

carpal bone

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14
Q

State an example of an irregular bone.

A

vertabrea

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15
Q

State an example of a sesamoid bone.

A

the patella associated with the stifle joint.

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16
Q

State an example of a pneumatic bone.

A

frontal bone

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17
Q

What are long bones?

A
  • long bones
  • containing a shaft (medullary cavity) filled with bone marrow
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18
Q

What are flat bones?

A
  • outer layer of compact bone
  • layer of cancellous/spongy bone inside
  • no medullary activity
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19
Q

What are short bones?

A
  • outer layer of compact bone
  • core of cancellous bone
  • no medullar activity
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20
Q

What are irregular bones?

A
  • less uniform in shape
  • lie in the midline
  • are unpaired
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21
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A
  • sesame seed shape
  • develop within the tendon
  • change the angle at which a tendon passes over
  • reduce wear and tear
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22
Q

What are pneumatic bones?

A
  • contain air-filled spaces (known as the sinuses)
  • r4educe the weight of a bone
23
Q

What is a medullary bone? Where is it present?

A
  • a form of calcium reservoir
  • female birds
  • during the breeding period

(present in birds)

24
Q

What is “arthrology”?

A

the study of joints

25
Q

What is a different name used for “joints”?

A

arthrosis

26
Q

What is the role of joints?

A

To allow for variable degree of movement.

27
Q

How are joints classified?

A

1) Fibrous joints
2) Cartilaginous joints
3) Synovial joints

28
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A
  • immobile joints
  • united by fibrous tissue
29
Q

How are fibrous joints categorised?

A

1) Syndesmosis
2) Sutures
3) Gomphosis

30
Q

What is syndesmosis? example?

A
  • joint united by fibrous tissue
  • permits only slight movement

eg. between radius and ulna

31
Q

What is Sutures?

A
  • unite the bones of the skull
32
Q

What united the bones of the skull?

A

Sutures

33
Q

What is Gomphosis? example?

A

the implantation of the teeth in the dental alveoli by the periodontal membrane.
eg. between teeth and gums

34
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A
  • immobile joints
  • united by cartilige
  • ossify with age
35
Q

How do cartilaginous joints characterise?

A

1) synchodroses (skull&hyoid bone)
2) symphyses (hipbone)
3) synostoses (space filled by bone b/w radius and ulna)

36
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A
  • consists of atleast 2 bones
  • cartilige
  • joined cavity (synovial fluid)
  • synovial membrane + fibrous capsule (articular capsule)
37
Q

How are synovial joints specified?

A

1) number of bones forming the joint
2) degree and kind of mobility
3) shape and form of the articular surfaces.

38
Q

What are the different kinds of mobility?

A

1) uniaxial joint
2) biaxial joint
3) multiaxial joint
4) tight joint

39
Q

What are the different shapes and forms of joints?

A

1) ball and socket joint
2) ellipsoid joint (similar to ball and socket, just ellipses instead of round.)
3) hinge joint (flexion nd extension)
4) saddle joint (flexion, extension, also movement to the side)
5) pivot joint (only rotation is possible)

40
Q

What are the different movements of joints?

A
  • flection/extension
  • abduction/adduction
  • rotation
41
Q

What is flexion?

A

movement making an angle to decrease

42
Q

What is extension?

A

movement making an angle to increase

43
Q

What is abduction?

A
  • runs medially (closer to the median plane)
44
Q

What is adduction?

A
  • away from the median plane (laterally)
45
Q

What is rotation?

A

twists on its own axis

46
Q

What is myology?

A

the study of the muscular system.

47
Q

Explain the basic structure of the muscle.

A
  • usually located between 2 bones
  • muscle belly
  • origin (less lovable attachment of muscle)
  • insertion (more movable attachment of the muscle
  • tendon (connects muscle to bone)
  • connective tissue
48
Q

How are muscles classified?

A

according to their fibres

49
Q

Explain the different classifications of muscle.

A

two-bellied muscle
two headed muscle
single headed muscle
multipennate muscle
unipennate muscle

50
Q

How can muscles be grouped?

A

depending on the number of joints they transverse:
1) uniarticular muscles
2) biarticular muscle
3) polyarticular muscle

depending on their function

51
Q

What are the three main accessory structures?

A

1) Fasciae
2) Synovial bursae
3) Tendon sheaths

52
Q

What is fasciae?

A
  • (white shiny layer covering muscles) - (helps separate and connect muscles)
  • superficial fascia (on muscle surface)
  • deep fascia (in muscle)
53
Q

What is Synovial bursae?

A
  • sac willed with synovial fluid

General Anatomy (12 decks)

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