Evolution 2

Question 1

Altruism

Answer 1

To act kindly to others

Question 2

Kin selection

Answer 2

Parents consume energy and resources to raise their kids but still pass on their genetic legacy

Question 3

Siblings and cousins

Answer 3

Siblings share half of their genes and first cousins share 1/8

Question 4

Eusocial insects

Answer 4

live only in social groups

Question 5

Coefficient of relatedness

Answer 5

diagram that explains how related different individuals are

Question 6

Females and males

Answer 6

Females are diploid and males are haploid

Question 7

Risk of eusocial insects

Answer 7

cheating

Question 8

Only non-arthropod animal to form social group

Answer 8

Naked-mole rats

Question 9

reciprocal altruism

Answer 9

another source of altruistic behavior, 1. Frequent interactions. 2. Recognizing individuals. 3. Remembering past interactions. 4. Assisting only those who provided assistance in the past

Question 10

Coevolution

Answer 10

when the evolution of one species affects evolution of another species

Question 11

Mycorrhizae

Answer 11

Beneficial relationship between fungus and root plants

Question 12

Ant-acacias

Answer 12

have hollow thorns that ants live in and will defend the tree

Question 13

Pollination

Answer 13

wind pollination, animal pollination

Question 14

Pseudo-copulation

Answer 14

The flower mimics a female looking up and releases a pheromone

Question 15

Other form of dispersal for plants

Answer 15

Fruit dispersal

Question 16

Elaiosomes

Answer 16

fleshy attachments to attract small animals… cheaper than making full fruits

Question 17

Speciation

Answer 17

when two diverging groups are unable to produce viable offspring together

Question 18

anagenesis

Answer 18

one species becomes another

Question 19

cladogenesis

Answer 19

a small population branches off and now there are two species

Question 20

biological species concept

Answer 20

the new group can’t interbreed with the original population

Question 21

morphological species concept

Answer 21

the species really look different

Question 22

Allopatric speciation

Answer 22

when groups are physically isolated

Question 23

Parapatric speciation

Answer 23

when groups are somewhat isolated

Question 24

sympatric speciation

Answer 24

when groups are not physically isolated

Question 25

hybrid zones

Answer 25

area where populations that split only recently came back into contact

Question 26

Genetic bottleneck

Answer 26

event that results in a change of the dwindling population, ex. northern elephant seals

Question 27

Founder effect

Answer 27

individuals who are founders have a major effect on the genetic composition of the population

Question 28

Ring species

Answer 28

interbreeding populations where members in the far ends cannot interbreed, even if they meet each other. ex. salamanders

Question 29

Sticklebacks

Answer 29

both sympatric and allopatric speciation

Question 30

Polyploidy

Answer 30

Having multiple copies of chromosomes

Question 31

“Pre-zygotic” isolation mechanism

Answer 31

these operate before mating occurs. they tend to prevent intermingling of species. Ex. different breeding seasons and lack of fit in genitalia

Question 32

Adaptive radiation

Answer 32

the daughter species that “radiate” from the mother species

Question 33

convergent evolution

Answer 33

If selective pressures are similar unrelated species may develop similar adaptations

Question 34

Feeding specialization

Answer 34

Cichlids developing different eating methods to reduce competition in their environment

Question 35

Phenotypic plasticity

Answer 35

The ability of individual genotypes to develop of different phenotypes due to unique environmental conditions

Question 36

Mouth-brooding

Answer 36

A behavioral adaptation that helps parents prevent predation of their young/eggs

Question 37

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 37

physical differences between sexes is related to finding a mate

Question 38

Phylogeny

Answer 38

akin to a family tree