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Developmental Concepts > Week 5- Motor Learning > Flashcards

Week 5- Motor Learning Flashcards

1
Q

The ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

A

Motor control

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2
Q

Motor control is ________ related to activities carried out by the _____ that organize the __________ system to create coordinated, goal-directed movements

A

Information processing
CNS
Musculoskeletal

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3
Q

Two control strategies of motor control

A

Feed-forward
Feed-back

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4
Q

Control strategy for anticipatory movement

A

Feed-forward

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5
Q

Control strategy for refined movements

A

Feed-back

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6
Q

PTs are “____________”

A

Movement specialists

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7
Q

PTs spend time ___________ patients who have __________ problems producing functional movement disorders

A

Retraining
Motor control

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8
Q

Therapeutic strategies are designed to improve the quality and quantity of _______________ essential to function

A

Postures and movements essential to function

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9
Q

True or false: Understanding motor control and specifically the nature of & control of movement is critical to clinical practice

A

True

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10
Q

The field of motor control is directed at studying the ___________ and __________

A

Nature of movement
How movement is controlled

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11
Q

Movement emerges from the interaction of ____ factors

A

3

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12
Q

Factors of movement

A

Individual
Task
Environment

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13
Q

Factors within the ________, the ________, and the ________ affect the organization of movement

A

Individual
Task
Environment

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14
Q

List three aspects of the individual

A

Action
Perception
Cognition

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15
Q

The body is characterized by a high number of muscles and joints, all of which must be controlled during the execution of ___________

A

Coordinated, functional movement

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16
Q

True or false: There is only one way a movement can be carried out

A

False

(multiple ways)

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17
Q

Choosing among equivalent solutions and then coordinating the many muscles and joints in a movement

A

Degrees of freedom problem

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18
Q

Perception involves the integration of _________ into __________ meaningful information

A

Sensory impressions
Psychologically

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19
Q

_________ provide information about the state of the body and features within the environment critical to the regulation of movement

A

Sensory/perceptual systems

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20
Q

Perception involves both __________ and ___________ processing that adds interpretation and meaning to incoming ___________

A

Peripheral sensory mechanisms
Higher-level
Afferent information

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21
Q

___________ include attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotional aspects of motor control that underlie the establishment of intent or goal

A

Cognitive processes

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22
Q

Within the ________, many ________ interact in the production of functional movement

A

Individual
Systems

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23
Q

SINGLE VS DUAL TASK CONTROL???? SLIDE 10

A
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24
Q

The _______ of the task being performed in part determines the ________, so several classification parameters have been developed

A

Nature
Type of movement needed

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25
Q

How tasks are classified

A

-Functional
-Critical attributes that regulate neural control mechanisms
-Base of support is stable vs in motion
-Whether object manipulation is required
-Movement variability

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26
Q

Functional categories of tasks

A

Bed mobility tasks
Transfer tasks
Walking and ADLs

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27
Q

Critical attributes that regulate neural control mechanisms

A

Discrete
Continuous

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28
Q

Definite beginning and end

A

Discrete

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29
Q

No recognizable beginning and end points

A

Continuous

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30
Q

True or false: The endpoint in discrete motions is not an inherent characteristic of task

A

False

(Continuous)

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31
Q

Examples of continuous movements

A

Walking, running, swimming

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32
Q

Stable base of support

A

Stability (ex: sitting, standing)

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33
Q

Moving base of support

A

Mobility (ex: walking, running)

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34
Q

True or false: A sequenced task requires an increase in the demand for stability (ex: standing and lifting)

A

True

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35
Q

Constantly changing or unpredictable environments

A

Open movements

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36
Q

Relatively fixed, predictable environments

A

Closed movements

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37
Q

True or false: Understanding the nature of tasks can provide a framework for functional evaluation and can serve as a progression for retraining functional movement

A

True

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38
Q

The _____ must take into consideration attributes of the environment when planning task-specific movements

A

CNS

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39
Q

Constraints on movement for the environment are classified by whether _________ of the environment shape the __________ itself

A

Features
Movement

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40
Q

Movement must conform to __________ features in order to achieve the goal of the task

A

Regulatory

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41
Q

These features shape the movement itself

A

Regulatory

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42
Q

Movement does not have to conform to these features and movement may or may not be affected (ex: background noise, lighting)

A

Non-regulatory

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43
Q

SLIDES 20-32

A
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44
Q

Describes the body as a mechanical system with many degrees of freedom that need to controlled

A

Systems theory

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45
Q

_____________ exists to simplify the control of the body’s multiple degrees of freedom

A

Hierarchical control

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46
Q

________ levels of the nervous system activate ________ levels

A

Higher
Lower

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47
Q

The lower levels activate ________

A

Synergies

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48
Q

A group of muscles constrained to act together as a unit to solve the degree of freedom problem

A

Synergies

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49
Q

As demands of a task increase, the control signals to synergy ______, leading to parallel increases in activation in all muscles in the synergy

A

Increase

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50
Q

Movements emerge from the interplay between the…

A

Body system
External force
Variations in the initial condition

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51
Q

True or false: Same central command can result in the same movements

A

False

(different movements)

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52
Q

True or false: Different commands could result in the same movement

A

True

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53
Q

Shares similar principles as the systems theory, but comes from the broader study of dynamics or synergetics within the physical world

A

Dynamic systems theory

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54
Q

When a system of individual parts comes together, its elements behave collectively in an ordered way- no need for a “higher” center issuing commands in order to achieve coordinated action

A

Self-organization

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55
Q

True or false: Dynamic systems theory states that movements could emerge as a result of interacting elements, without the need for specific commands or motor programs within the nervous system

A

True

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56
Q

A variable that regulates changes in the behavior of the entire system

A

Control parameter

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57
Q

New movement in the dynamic systems theory emerges because of a critical change in the __________

A

Control parameter

58
Q

__________ of motor control in the Dynamic Systems Theory has different meanings compared to other motor control theories

A

Variability

59
Q

True or false: Variability is considered to be a result of error

A

False

(not considered to be the result of error but rather as a necessary condition of optimal function)

60
Q

True or false: Optimal variability provides for flexible, adaptive strategies and allows for adjustment to environmental changes

A

True

61
Q

Too little variability can lead to _______

A

Injury

62
Q

Too much variability can lead to _________

A

Impaired movement performance

63
Q

True or false: A small amount of variability indicates a highly stable behavior or a preferred pattern, viewed as attractor state

A

True

64
Q

The deeper the well, the harder it is to change preferred pattern, suggesting a stable movement pattern

A

Attractor well

65
Q

Any current theory of motor control is in a sense ________, since there must always be room to revise and incorporate new information

A

Unfinished

66
Q

The _____________ is the basis for clinical methods related to examination and intervention in patients with neurological problems

A

Theoretical framework

67
Q

Theory helps us to generate research questions and hypotheses about the ________ and ________ of movement

A

Nature
Cause

68
Q

Early definition was the study of the acquisition and/or modification of movement

A

Motor learning

69
Q

In the context of __________ , motor learning refers to the __________ of movement skills lost through injury

A

Recovery of function
Re-acquisition

70
Q

Four concepts of motor learning:

A

-Learning is a process of acquiring the capability for skilled action
-Learning results from experience or practice
-Learning cannot be measured directly, referred from behavioral changes
-Learning produces relatively permanent changes in behavior

71
Q

Motor learning emerges from a complex of ___________, __________, and ___________ processes

A

Perception
Cognition
Action

72
Q

The process of ____________ can be described as the search for a task solution that emerges from an interaction of the individual with the task and the environment

A

Motor learning

73
Q

___________ are new strategies for perceiving and acting

A

Task solutions

74
Q

Temporary change in motor behavior observed during practice

A

Performance

75
Q

Relatively permanent change in behavior and involved in skill retention

A

Learning

76
Q

Effective therapists are _____________ of human movement education or re-education

A

Teachers/facilitators

77
Q

True or false: Clinicians can benefit from concrete suggestions on how to effectively approach the client or learner

A

True

78
Q

True or false: Since ML is concerned with how motor skills are acquired, strategies for sensing and moving are not necessary to achieve a task solution

A

False

(they are necessary)

79
Q

With the patient as the learner, therapists will utilize strategies like _________, __________, ___________, and _________ to accomplish their therapeutic goal

A

Instruction
Feedback
Practice
Motivation

80
Q

Refers to control achieved by feedback such that the actual response conforms to the desired response (or set point) by means of correcting any difference between them

A

Closed loop

81
Q

Sensory feedback from ongoing movement is compared with the stored memory of the intended movement (in a closed loop process)

A

Adam’s Closed Loop Theory

82
Q

There is no position feedback of a moving object

A

Open loop

83
Q

The execution of preprogrammed movements without perceptual feedback

A

Open loop

84
Q

Preprogrammed movements

A

Motor program

85
Q

The colloquial term for open loop is _____________

A

“Muscle memory”

86
Q

Stages of learning motor skills focus on motor learning from a __________ and describe how learning occurs _________

A

“Temporal perspective”

Over time

87
Q

Stages of Fitts and Posner 3 stage model

A
  1. Cognitive stage
  2. Associative stage
  3. Autonomous stage
88
Q

True or false: The associative stage involves understanding the task and selecting a strategy for the optimal performance

A

False

(Cognitive stage)

89
Q

True or false: The cognitive stage is characterized by large number of errors and requiring a high degree of cognitive activity such as attention

A

True

90
Q

Improvements in performance during the cognitive stage are ________

A

Large

91
Q

True or false: The associative stage applies the best strategy that has been selected

A

True

92
Q

True or false: The cognitive stage begins to refine the skill

A

False

(Associative stage)

93
Q

The associative stage is characterized by ________ variability of performance and _________ improvement in performance

A

Small
Slow

94
Q

During the autonomous stage, one can perform skills __________ with a ______ level of attention

A

Automatically
Low

95
Q

True or false: During the associative stage, the person is ready for advanced challenges such as a dual-task performance

A

False

(Autonomous stage)

96
Q

Stages of systems 3 stage model

A

Novice stage
Advanced stage
Expert stage

97
Q

The systems 3 stage model focuses on the __________

A

Degrees of freedom

98
Q

Learner simplifies the movement by stiffening body segments in attempt to control the degree of freedom and complete the task. Learner can perform the task accurately but inefficiently.

A

Novice stage

99
Q

Biomechanical constraints and degree of freedom are being refined. Muscle synergies across number of joints would be used to create a well-coordinated movement; co-contraction of agonist and antagonist is reduced

A

Advanced stage

100
Q

Learn to use energy more efficiently by taking advantage of passive forces increasingly in movement control and reduce fatigue; movements are optimally controlled

A

Expert stage

101
Q

Model that describes the learner’s goals in two stages

A

Gentile two-stage model

102
Q

Stage one of the Gentile two stage model

A

Understand the requirements of the movement

103
Q

Stage two of the Gentile two stage model

A

Refine the movement (fixation/diversification)

104
Q

-Goal of the task
-Develop an appropriate movement strategy to achieve the goal
-Task and environmental features critical to the movement
-Learn to distinguish relevant, or regulatory, features of the environment from those that are non-regulatory

A

Stage one of Gentile two state model

105
Q

Develop the capability of adapting movement to changing task and environmental demands while performing the task consistently and efficiently

A

Stage two of Gentile two state model

106
Q

Closed skills in the Gentile two stage model require ________

A

Fixation

(have minimal environmental variation and require movement consistency)

107
Q

Open skills in the Gentile two stage model require ________

A

Diversification

(performed in changing environments and require movement diversity)

108
Q

-Initial fumbling attempts
-Skills are learned/relearned
-Indicates “performance”

A

Acquisition/practice phase of patient progress

109
Q

-Mastery of a skill
-Information stored for retrieval and application to novel situations
-Indicates “learning”

A

Retention/transfer phase of patient progress

110
Q

The continuing and repetitive effort to become a proficient in a skill

A

Practice

111
Q

True or false: Practice should be accurate, since faulty practice may lead to development of bad habits and inefficient postures

A

True

112
Q

True or false: Practice should be passive and initiated by the patient

A

False

(active– not passive)

113
Q

Practice should incorporate enough _________ to allow the patient to explore the perceptual motor workspace and to discover solutions to movement dilemmas

A

Variability

114
Q

True or false: Practice should be task specific

A

True

115
Q

Refers to the use of sensory information for the control of action in the process of skill acquisition. It’s a powerful variable affecting learning

A

Feedback

116
Q

Feedback that applies the various sensory systems

A

Intrinsic feedback

117
Q

Feedback that comes from the external resource

A

Extrinsic feedback

118
Q

The purpose of extrinsic feedback is to provide the person with _____ or ______

A

Knowledge of results (KR)
Knowledge of performance (KP)

119
Q

The outcome of movement; terminal feedback

A

KR

120
Q

Movement pattern

A

KP

121
Q

A session in which the amount of practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials

A

Massed practice

122
Q

A session in which the amount of rest between trials is equal to or greater than the amount of time for a trial

A

Distributed

123
Q

Learners practice a skill repeatedly under the same parameter setting

A

Constant

124
Q

Learner practice a skill under a variety of parameter settings

A

Variable

125
Q

Learners practice a set of motor tasks in a random order

A

Random

126
Q

Learners practice a set of motor tasks in a fixed order

A

Blocked

127
Q

Practice the entire movement at once

A

Whole

128
Q

Break down the task into different components

A

Part

129
Q

True or false: Amount of transfer is independent on similarity between two tasks/environments so that the neural processing demands would be similar

A

False

(dependent– not independent)

130
Q

True or false: Mental practice does enhance skill acquisition

A

True

131
Q

True or false: Unguided conditions are less effective for immediate skill acquisition but more effective for transfer

A

True

132
Q

The ________ is a dynamic organ and some degree of ________ continues throughout the lifetime of an individual

A

Brain
Plasticity

133
Q

Key learning elements for all ages include

A

-Environmental considerations
-Motivation
-Attention
-Guidance and instruction
-Selection of feedback and practice

134
Q

True or false: There are no commonalities for learning across the lifespan and no issues unique to different phases of the lifespan

A

False

(some commonalities, some issues unique)

135
Q

Intellectual abilities of healthy people do not lessen, although performance skills that are __________ tend to demonstrate a noticeable _______

A

Time related
Decline

136
Q

True or false: Older adult performers seem to benefit greatly from cognitive learning strategies, especially when learning closed motor skills

A

True

137
Q

Processing of new information typically takes _________ due to normal age-related changes in the CNS

A

Longer

138
Q

True or false: Without cognitive assistance, procedural learning of motor programs may become the the only available avenue for regaining functional control over movement

A

True

139
Q

True or false: Adapting only the principles of motor learning is the key element when working with older adults

A

False

(principles of motor learning and environment)

140
Q

Learning new tasks is an essential component of __________ rehabilitation

A

Geriatric

141
Q

__________ is highly effective for older adults

A

Mental practice

142
Q

Ability to learn is dependent on….

A

-Intelligence
-Learning skills acquired over the years
-Flexibility of learning style
-Various non-cognitive factors

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