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Karan - MBBS Year 1: Principles Week 4 > Medical Parasitology > Flashcards

Medical Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Define the following terms
- ANTHROPONOTIC
- ZOONOTIC
- VECTOR BORNE
- PRIMARY HOST

A
  • Transmitted from human to human
  • Transmitted from animal reservoir
  • Transmitted by a carrier
  • Site of parasitic sexual reproduction
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2
Q

What are the two classifications for parasites?

A

TROPICAL
TEMPERATE

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3
Q

What are the signs of pinworms?

A

Anal itching at night
Weight loss
Irritated skin

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4
Q

Describe cycle of infection for pinworms.

A
  • Unintentional inhalation of pinworm eggs
  • Remain in intestine until they mature
  • Female pinworms lay eggs at anal skins causing itching
  • Upon scratching, eggs can transfer to fingers
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5
Q

What is the main advice for pinworm infections?

A
  • Regular handwashing
  • Disinfect kitchen and bathroom surfaces
  • Ensure children wear underwear at night
  • Wash sleepwear, sheets, towels etc.
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6
Q

How is a pinworm infection diagnosed?

A
  • Sellotape test - sticky end pressed against skin around anus
  • Eggs stick to tape
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6
Q

What is the main treatment for pinworms?

A
  • Mebendazole
  • Initial dose followed by second dose 2-3 weeks later
  • Ointment to soothe itching skin
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7
Q

What are whipworms?

A
  • Eggs passed in faeces of infected persons
  • Common in humid climates/areas with poor hygiene and sanitation
  • Occurs in children
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7
Q

Define infection cycle of whipworms.

A
  • Eggs hatch in small intestine and develop in its walls
  • Thinner end burrows into large intestine
  • Thicker end projects into lumen and mates with other worms
  • Causes TDS - treated with albendazole
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8
Q

Define Trichomoniasis

A
  • Protozoa
  • Infects urogenital tracts
  • Common STI
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9
Q

Describe Giardia lamblia

A
  • Flagellated - colonises small intestine
  • Ventral adhesive discs allows attachment to epithelium
  • Reproduces via binary fission
  • Remains confined to lumen of small intestine
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10
Q

Define cryptosporidium

A
  • Chlorine resistant
  • Linked to drinking and swimming in contaminated water
  • Causes watery diarrhoea
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11
Q

Describe toxoplasma

A
  • No obvious symptoms in adults
  • May cause mild flu-like symptoms and eye problems
  • Very severe in immunosuppressed patients
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12
Q

Give the two groups of human parasitic worms.

A
  • FLATWORMS - Platyhelminths - separate into trematodes and cestodes
  • ROUNDWORMS - Nematodes
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13
Q

Describe ascaris

A
  • Infects oral-faecal route
  • Eggs ingested causing release and migration of larvae
  • Worms mature in upper GI
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14
Q

Describe hookworms.

A
  • Eggs in faeces hatch
  • Larvae mature and penetrate skin
  • Develop in small intestine
15
Q

Give an example of a condition caused by filariasis

A

ELEPHANTIASIS

16
Q

Describe schistosomiasis

A
  • Eggs in urine and faeces
  • Migrate to urinary stem - damage to liver and bladder
17
Q

Describe tapeworms.

A
  • Larva in intermediate host
  • Cause cyst formation
  • Caused by eating undercooked meat
18
Q

Describe hydatid disease.

A
  • ZOONOTIC
  • Eggs go to various sites and form hydatid cysts
  • Can cause anaphylactic shock
19
Q

Describe amoebic dysentery

A
  • Caused by Entamoeba histolytica
  • Intestinal infection
  • Invasive - penetrates mucosa
20
Q

What is the vector and reservoir for leishmaniasis?

A

VECTOR - Sandfly
RESERVOIR - Mammals

21
Q

Describe trypanosomiasis

A
  • Transmitted by tsetse fly
  • Causes sores, fevers, haematuria, aching muscles
  • PHASE 1 - intermittent bouts of fever
  • PHASE 2 - neurological effects
22
Q

Describe malaria transmission

A
  • VECTOR - female Anopheles mosquito
  • HOST - Humans
  • Development of plasmodium antibodies providing partial immunity
  • Carriers of sickle cell mutations provide partial resistance
23
Q

What should be considered in malaria cases?

A
  • Can present in multiple ways so often misdiagnosed
  • Should always be considered in feverish patients who have recently travelled to endemic regions

Karan - MBBS Year 1: Principles Week 4 (13 decks)

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