The Body Systems Flashcards
Body Systems
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Gastrointestinal
Integumentary
Musculoskeletal
Endocrine
Urinary
Nervous
Reproductive
Cells
Basic structural and functional unit of the body
Natural turnover - e.g. skin = 3 months, RBCs = 120 days
Require energy - common metabolic processes (internal pH and enzyme maintenance), specific functions
–> ATP (O2 and nutrients from food)
Tissue
Cells form basic tissue types - muscle, epithelia, nerves and connective tissue
Organ
Group of tissues acting together to perform a specific function
System
Collections of organs that have related functions and work together to carry out a common goal - survival essentially
How do we get nutrients into our blood?
GI system
- Mouth to Anus
- Large molecules digested into smaller molecules then absorbed into veins of small intestine
- Drain to liver first
Liver stores some nutrients, makes other products from them, or returns them into the venous system
How do we deliver nutrients to the cells?
CV system
- Heart & Blood vessels
- Absorbed nutrients first pass in the veins of the GI tract to the liver
- Venous blood from liver goes to the heart
- Arteries pump the nutrient rich blood away from the heart
How do we get oxygen into the blood?
Respiratory System
- Breath air via mouth/nose
- Air travels down respiratory tree
- Alveoli covered with capillaries
- Gas exchange - O2 and CO2
How do we deliver oxygen to the cells?
Haematological System
- Hb - reversibly binds O2, carried to capillary beds and released
CV System
- Capillary beds - O2 and CO2 diffuse between blood and cells
How do we produce Lymph?
Lymphatic System
- Fluid squeezed out of capillaries by blood pressure is mainly reabsorbed before the venules
- Excess fluid left in tissues (Tissue fluid)
- Taken up by lymphatic vessels (Lymph)
- Thoracic Duct (major vessel, returns lymph to large neck veins)
How do we excrete waste products?
Respiratory & Renal Systems
- Waste products (metabolism)
- CO2 and H2O produced as by-products to ATP
- Carbonic Acid (CO2/H2O)
- Lactic Acid (muscles)
- pH must remain in a range
GI, Renal and Lymphatic Systems
- Cellular Debris (shed from GI tract and passed in faeces)
- Indigestible foodstuff (in faeces)
- GI tract bacteria, commensals and pathogens (in faeces)
- Drugs deactivated in liver and excreted in faeces
- Foreign bodies (drain via lymphatics to lymph nodes)
Internal & External Protection
Integumentary System
- Skin - first line of defence
- Provides physical barrier, waterproof barrier, body temp regulation, protects against UV
Lymphatic System
- Normal lymph nodes cannot be palpated usually
- Lymph nodes can enlarge in infection or cancer
- Discrete areas of lymphatic tissue in body
Nervous System
- Sense the environment and to effect a response
- Sensory + Motor + Central connections
- CNS & PNS
Musculoskeletal System
- Linked to NS
- Locomotion - skeletal muscle contraction
- Also allow us to breathe
Regulating the processes in body
Endocrine & Nervous Systems
- Endocrine organs (secrete hormones into capillary blood)
- Hormones regulate many processes
- E.g. Thyroid, Adrenal, Parathyroid, Pancrea, Testis, Ovary, Pituitary
Survival of the Species
Reproductive SYstem
- Necessary for survival of the species
- Sperm and Ovum –> Zygote
