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BIOL347 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy > Lab Exam 1a > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1a Flashcards

1
Q

Deuterostomata

A

Includes Echinodermata (sea stars) and all more derived; syn: radial cleavage, 3 germ layers, enterocoely

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2
Q

Ambulacraria

A

Hemichordata (acorn worms) and Echinodermata (sea stars); syn: pharyngeal slits and dorsal hollow nerve cord in larvae

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3
Q

Chordata

A

Includes Cephalochordata (lancelets) and all more derived; syn: notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, post-anal tail, pharyngeal slits, endostyle

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4
Q

Olfactores

A

Includes Urochordata (tunicates) and all more derived; syn: striated heart muscles, migratory neural crest cells, possibly myomeres

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5
Q

Vertebrata

A

Includes Myxiniformes (hagfish) and all more derived; syn: braincase, neural crest, hemoglobin, heart, neurogenic placodes, respiratory gills, muscular gut tube, tripartite brain,

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6
Q

More derived Vertebrata

A

Anaspida and Heterostraci; syn: vertebrae, radial fin muscles, 2+ semicircular canals, dermal bone

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7
Q

Cyclostomi

A

Petromyzontifores (lampreys) and Myxiniformes (hagfish); syn: vestigial vertebrae/arcualia in lampreys, well-developed medial fins, lingual cartilage, keratinized tooth-like structures

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8
Q

Petromyzontifores

A

lampreys; syn: well-developed eyes and fins, hyperosmotic, ammocoete larvae

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9
Q

Myxiniformes

A

hagfish; syn: hermaphroditic, isosmotic, loss of traits

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10
Q

Gnathostomata and Osteostraci

A

syn: cellular bone, heterocercal tail, paired muscular fins

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11
Q

Gnathostomata

A

Includes “Placodermi” and all more derived; syn: jaws, 3 semicircular canals

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12
Q

Eugnathostomata

A

(Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) and Acanthodii) and Osteichthyes (bony fish); syn: 6-7 intrinsic eye muscles, continuous tooth replacement, true upper jaw, hyostylic and derived jaw suspension

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13
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Includes sharks, rays, and chimaeras; ap: ceratotrichia, placoid scales, internal fertilization

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14
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) and Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish); syn: lungs, lepidotrichia, bony endoskeleton, operculum, dorsal divided paired nares

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15
Q

Actinopterygii

A

(Neopterygii and Chondrostei (sturgeon and paddlefish)) and Cladistia; syn: ganoid scales, branchiostegal rays

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16
Q

Neopterygii

A

Teleostei and Holostei (gar and bowfin/Amia); syn: loss of spiracle, swim bladder replaces lungs

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17
Q

Teleostei

A

96% of fish; ap: cycloid and ctenoid scales, homocercal tail/caudal fin, mobile jaws

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18
Q

Sarcopterygii

A

Includes Actinistia (coelocanths) and all more derived; syn: muscular lobed fins, cosmoid scales, internal nares (choanae)

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19
Q

Actinistia

A

2 species of coelocanth; syn: intracranial joint, rostral organ, hyostylic jaw suspension, fatty lung

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20
Q

Rhipidistia

A

Includes Dipnoi (lungfish) and all more derived; syn: ventral lungs, labyrinthine teeth

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21
Q

Dipnoi

A

Syn: fusion of dorsal, caudal, and anal fins, tooth fusion, autostylic jaw suspension

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22
Q

Tetrapoda

A

Includes Acanthostegidae, Ichthyostegidae, and all more derived; syn: 4 dactylous limbs

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23
Q

Acanthostegidae

A

syn: enlarged notochord, loss of dorsal scales

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24
Q

Ichthyostegidae

A

syn: robust pelvic and shoulder girdles, fused vertebrae, ribs

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25
Q

Neotetrapoda

A

Includes Amphibia and all more derived; syn: pentadactyly

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26
Q

Amphibia

A

Includes Lissamphibia and extinct amphibians; syn: less than or equal to four digits

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27
Q

Lissamphibia

A

Gymnophiona (caecilians) and Batrachia; syn: short, straight ribs that don’t encircle body, unossified wrist and ankle bones, amphibian papilla

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28
Q

Batrachia

A

Anura (frogs and toads) and Caudata (salamanders and newts); syn: opercular apparatus, loss of scales

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29
Q

Gymnophiona

A

ap: tentacle-like sensory organ

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30
Q

Anura

A

ap: specialized for saltation, vocalization

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31
Q

Caudata

A

syn: posterior origin of adductor mandibulae externus

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32
Q

Reptilomorpha

A

Includes Amniota and all more derived; syn: 23454 phalangeal formula

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33
Q

Amniota

A

Sauropsida and Synapsida; syn: amnion, astragalus ankle bone, 2+ sacral vertebrae

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34
Q

Sauropsida

A

Testudines (turtles and tortoises) and Diapsida; syn: feet rotated under body

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35
Q

Testudines

A

syn: carapace and plastron

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36
Q

Diapsida

A

Lepidosauria and Archosauromorphs; syn: diapsid skulls

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37
Q

Lepidosauria

A

Sphenodons (tuatara) and Squamata; syn: transverse cloacal slit, thin rodlike columella

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38
Q

Squamata

A

Includes lizards and snakes; syn: hemipenes

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39
Q

Archosauromorphs

A

Includes Crocodilians and Dinosaurs (includes Aves/birds); syn: thecodont dentition

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40
Q

Synapsida

A

Includes Mammalia and all more derived; syn: synapsid skulls

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41
Q

Mammalia

A

Monotremata and Theria; syn: dentary-squamosal jaw joint, 3 inner ear bones, precise dental occlusion

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42
Q

Monotremata

A

Platypus and Echidna; ap: reversed triangular pattern of occlusion

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43
Q

Theria

A

Metatheria (marsupials) and Theria (placentals); syn: tribosphenic molars, viviparity

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44
Q

Metatheria

A

syn: in-turned angular process on dentary, marsupium

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45
Q

Eutheria

A

syn: placenta

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46
Q

Basement membrane

A

thin, noncellular region separating epithelium from underlying connective tissue

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47
Q

Simple epithelium

A

single layer of cells

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48
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

numerous cell layers

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49
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium

A

single layer of cells attached to a basement membrane, but not all cells reach the surface

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50
Q

Squamous epithelium

A

epithelium with flat surface cells

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51
Q

Cuboidal cells

A

cells are round or as tall as they are wide

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52
Q

Columnar cells

A

cells are taller than they are wide

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53
Q

Cilia

A

motile structures on cells in the uterine tubes, uterus, and conducting tubes of the respiratory system

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54
Q

Microvilli

A

small, nonmotile projections that cover all absorptive cells in the small intestine and proximal convoluted tubules in kidney

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55
Q

Stereocilia

A

long, nonmotile, branched microvilli that cover the cells in the epididymis and vas deferens

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56
Q

Mesothelium

A

simple squamous epithelium that covers the external surfaces of the digestive organs, lungs, and heart

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57
Q

Endothelium

A

simple squamous epithelium that covers the lumina of the heart chambers, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

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58
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

lines small excretory ducts

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59
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

covers digestive organs

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60
Q

Pseudostratified columnar eptihelium

A

lines respiratory passages and lumina of epididymis and vas deferencs

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61
Q

Nonkeratinized epithelium

A

exhibits live surface cells and covers moist cavities

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62
Q

Keratinized epithelium

A

exhibits nonliving keratinized surface cells and covers external body surfaces

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63
Q

Stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelium

A

line larger excretory ducts in pancreas, salivary, amd sweat glands

64
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

lines urinary system; changes shape to resemble stratified squamous or cuboidal epithelium depending on contraction

65
Q

Goblet cells

A

mucus-secreting, unicellular glands found in the epithelia of the intestines and respiratory passages

66
Q

Secretory portion

A

end piece of gland where epithelial cells secrete a product

67
Q

Ductal portion

A

epithelium-lined portion of gland through which secretions travel from secretory portion to exterior of gland

68
Q

Simple exocrine gland

A

exhibits an unbranched duct

69
Q

Tubular gland

A

terminal secretory portion is tube-shaped

70
Q

Compound exocrine gland

A

shows repeated branching of ducts

71
Q

Acinar (alveolar) glands

A

secretory portions of the gland are flask-shaped

72
Q

Tubuloacinar glands

A

glands that exhibit both tubular and acinar secretory portions

73
Q

Mucous glands

A

glands that contain cells that produce a viscous secretion that lubricates or protects the inner lining of the organs

74
Q

Serous glands

A

glands with cells that produce watery secretions rich in enzymes

75
Q

Mixed glands

A

glands that contain a mixture of both mucous and serous secretory cells

76
Q

Merocrine glands

A

glands that release their secretion by exocytosis without any loss of cellular components

77
Q

Holocrine glands

A

cells are the secretory product

78
Q

Exocrine glands

A

glands that secrete products into ducts

79
Q

Endocrine glands

A

glands that secrete products into bloodstream

80
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

characterized by loose, irregular arrangement of connective fibers and abundant ground substance

81
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

contains thicker and more densely packed collagen fibers with fewer cell types and less ground substance

82
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

collagen fibers exhibit random and irregular orientation

83
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

contains densely packed collagen fibers that exhibit regular parallel arrangement

84
Q

Fibroblasts

A

active cells that synthesize connective tissue fibers and extracellular ground substance

85
Q

Fibrocytes

A

inactive or resting fibroblasts

86
Q

Adipose cells

A

store fat

87
Q

Macrophages/histiocytes

A

phagocytic cells located in loose connective tissue

88
Q

Mast cells

A

spherical cells filled with basophilic granules

89
Q

Plasma cells

A

arise from lymphocytes that migrate into the connective tissue

90
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils; defend organism against bacteria and foreign matter

91
Q

Collagen fibers

A

tough, thick, fibrous proteins that do not branch; most abundant fibers

92
Q

Type I collagen fibers

A

found in dermis of skin, tendons, ligaments, and bone; very strong and resistant to tensile stress

93
Q

Type II collagen fibers

A

present in hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage; provide resistance to pressure

94
Q

Type III collagen fibers

A

thin, branching reticular fibers that form supporting meshwork in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow

95
Q

Type IV collagen fibers

A

Present in basal lamina of basement membrane where cells attach

96
Q

Reticular fibers

A

mainly Type III collagen

97
Q

Elastic fibers

A

thin, branching fibers that allow stretch; composed of microfibrils and elastin

98
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

most common type of cartilage; serves as model for bones

99
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

similar in appearance to hyaline cartilage except for branching elastic fibers; highly flexible

100
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

characterized by large amounts of irregular and dense bundles of course collagen fibers; consists of alternating layers of cartilage and layers of type I collagen fibers

101
Q

Perichondrium

A

peripheral layer of vascularized, dense, irregular connective tissue surrounding most hyaline and elastic cartilage

102
Q

Chondroblasts

A

produce and maintain cartilage matrix

103
Q

Chondrocytes

A

inactive chondroblasts

104
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

blood cell formation

105
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

temporary hyaline cartilage model calcifies

106
Q

Periosteum

A

external connective tissue surrounding bone

107
Q

Osteoblasts

A

synthesize bone

108
Q

Osteocytes

A

osteoblasts that become surrounded by lacunae

109
Q

Canalculi

A

canals in bone that eventually house blood vessels

110
Q

Endosteum

A

inner surface of bone

111
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft of long bone

112
Q

Epiphysis

A

articular surface of the expanded end of bone

113
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

bone develops from connective tissue mesenchyme

114
Q

Trabeculae

A

thin rods, plates, and spines that form spongy bone

115
Q

Cancellous bone

A

spongy bone

116
Q

Lamellae

A

layers of bone

117
Q

Osteon

A

concentric lamellae surrounding a blood vessel, nerve, or other loose connective tissue

118
Q

Dentition

A

array of teeth in the jaw

119
Q

Homodont

A

similar tooth shape throughout mouth

120
Q

Polyphyodont

A

teeth are continually replaced

121
Q

Acrodont

A

teeth are attached to top of jaw

122
Q

Pleurodont

A

teeth are attached to lingual side of jaw by ligaments

123
Q

Heterodont

A

different tooth shapes throughout mouth

124
Q

Thecodont

A

teeth are set in sockets

125
Q

Diphyodont

A

2 sets of teeth; usually milk and adult teeth

126
Q

Monophyodont

A

only a single set of teeth

127
Q

Canines

A

conical teeth used for seizing/piercing prey, display, and fighting

128
Q

Premolars

A

originally used for puncturing

129
Q

Molars

A

originally used for crushing

130
Q

Tribosphenic molars

A

unique to mammals; form a mortar and pestle mechanism

131
Q

Carnassals

A

In carnivores; upper 4th premolars and lower 1st molars; linearly aligned; designed to shear flesh

132
Q

Omnivore/Herbivore molars

A

used to pulverize plants

133
Q

Hypsodont molars

A

High-crowned; cementum covers crown

134
Q

Brachyodont molars

A

Low-crowned

135
Q

Bunodont molars

A

brachyodont molars with rounded cusps specialized for crushing

136
Q

Selenodont molars

A

hypsodont molars with elongated, independent cusps

137
Q

Lophodont molars

A

hypsodont molars with cusps that blend together to form lophs

138
Q

Chondrichthyan dentition

A

homodont, polyphyodont, acrodont

139
Q

Amphibian dentition

A

homodont, polyphyodont, pleurodont

140
Q

Neopterygian fish dentition

A

homodont, polyphyodont, pleurodont or acrodont; may be distributed throughout mouth and throat

141
Q

Squamate dentition

A

acrodont or pleurodont, polyphyodont, homodont or heterodont

142
Q

Archosaur dentition

A

Thecodont, polyphyodont, homodont or heterodont

143
Q

Mammal dentition

A

diphyodont or monophyodont, homodont or heterodont, thecodont

144
Q

Lepidotrichia

A

bony fin rays composed of small tube-shaped segments

145
Q

Ceratotrichia

A

fin rays composed of large bundles of collagen

146
Q

Branchiostegal rays

A

bony rays near gills that aid in buccal pumping

147
Q

Apomorphy

A

Trait not shared by neighboring taxa

148
Q

Synapomorphy

A

trait shared by sister taxa; likely from common ancestor

149
Q

Stapes

A

Inner ear bone homologous to columella

150
Q

Malleus

A

Inner ear bone homologous to articular

151
Q

Incus

A

Inner ear bone homologous to quadrate

152
Q

7 types of blood cells

A

erythrocytes, platelets, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

153
Q

5 types of white blood cells

A

lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

154
Q

Types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

155
Q
A

BIOL347 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (11 decks)

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