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Animal Physiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main cells of the nervous system?

A

Neurons

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2
Q

What are the electrical signals generated by nervous system called?

A

Action Potential

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3
Q

How does the central nervous system differ from the peripheral nervous system?

A

Central - includes brain and spinal cord
Peripheral - any nerve cell outside brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

How does the Somatic division differ from the Autonomic division?

A

Somatic - under conscious control
Autonomic - under unconscious control

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5
Q

How does the Sympathetic Branchof the autonomic division differ from the Parasympathetic Branch?

A

Sympathetic - stimulates fight or flight
Parasympathetic - relaxes body

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6
Q

State 1 example of a Sympathetic Branch response on an organ.

A

Increase heart rate

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7
Q

State 1 example of a Parasympathetic Branch response on an organ.

A

Decrease heart rate

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8
Q

What is the name of the gap that sits between 2 neuurons?

A

Synaptic cleft (Synapse)

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9
Q

What is the name of the gap that sits between a neuron and a muscle cell?

A

Neuromuscular junction

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10
Q

What is the name of a neuron that SENDS neurotransmitters to another?

A

Presynaptic

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11
Q

What is the name of a neuron that RECEIVES neurotransmitters from another?

A

Postsynaptic

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12
Q

Explain in detail the 8 steps involved in generating an action potential.

A
  1. During resting state, cell has a net negative charge
  2. Stimulus will open sodium channels, allowing sodium to enter cell
  3. The entry of sodium causes the cell to become more positive (depolarization)
  4. Sodium channels will close and potassium channels will open.
  5. Potassium atoms will leave cell
  6. The cell becomes more negative as potassium leaves (repolarization)
  7. Potassium channels are slow to close, cell becomes more negative (hyper polarization)
  8. The sodium - potassium pump fixes the membrane gradient to return to resting state
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13
Q

What type of activities does the cerebral cortex do?

A

higher-level thinking functions

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14
Q

How does the cerebral cortex left hemisphere differ from the right hemisphere?

A

Left
- logical
- math-based

Right
- emotional
- artistic based

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15
Q

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for controlling vision?

A

occipital lobe

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16
Q

What does the medulla oblongata control?

A

Breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure

17
Q

Write 1 function of the cerebellum.

A

controls eye movement

18
Q

What does the Amygdala regulate?

A

emotions

19
Q

What does the Hippocampus regulate?

A

Learning, memory

20
Q

What does the Thalamus do?

A

Relay station for motor signals and senses

21
Q

Explain how vision happens.

A
  1. Light passes through cornea
  2. Light passes through pupil
  3. Iris regulates diameter of pupil
  4. Lens focuses incoming light to retina
  5. Retina converts light to electrical signals
  6. Optic nerve transports electrical signals to brain
22
Q

Explain how hearing happens.

A
  1. The auricle collects sound waves
  2. The external auditory canal transports them deeper into ear
  3. Tympanic membrane vibrates and amplifies the sound waves
  4. Sound waves are relayed between the malleus, incus, and stapes to inner ear
  5. Round window receives the sound waves and passes them to cochlea
  6. Cochlea transforms sound waves into electrical signals
  7. Cochlear nerve transmits electrical signals to brain
23
Q

What is the name of the cell membrane found in a muscle fiber?

A

Sarcolemma

24
Q

Name the organelle that stores calcium inside a muscle fiber.

A

SR

25
Q

What name is used to describe a long contractile thread found in muscle fibers?

A

myofibril

26
Q

Explain what a sarcomere is and state the function it carries out

A

The contractile unit of a muscle fiber

27
Q

Name the 2 protein filaments involved in the muscle contraction process

A

Myocin
Actin

28
Q

Name the type of muscle that attaches to bones.

A

Skeletal

29
Q

How does skeletal muscle differ from smooth muscle?

A

Skeletal - somatic control
Smooth - autonomic control

30
Q

Fully explain the muscle contraction mechanism in 10 steps.

A
  1. Action potential is generated by a presynapic neuron which triggers the release of NT
  2. NTs will bind to receptors on the SL
  3. This binding triggers the release of calcium from the SR
  4. Calcium binds to troponin
  5. This causes tropomyocin to shift off binding sites of actin
  6. Myocin heads bind to actin to form a cross bridge
  7. Myocin heads pull actin filament forward, causing sarcomere to shorten
  8. The cross bridge is broken by binding of ATP
  9. Actin moves back to original position, causing muscle to relax
  10. Calcium atoms will move back to SR

Animal Physiology (4 decks)

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