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Anatomical Kinesiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical Position

A

standing in upright posture, facing forward, feet parallel and close together and palms facing forward

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2
Q

Anterior vs Posterior

A

Anterior - In front
Posterior - behind

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3
Q

Inferior vs superior

A

inferior (caudal) - below
Superior (cephalic) - above

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4
Q

Distal vs Proximal

A

distal - away from trunk
Proximal - nearest to trunk

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5
Q

Meidal vs lateral

A

medial - toward the middle
lateral - toward the outside

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6
Q

Deep vs superficial

A

deep - beneath or below surface
superficial - near the surface

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7
Q

Prone vs supine

A

prone - laying on stomach
supine - laying on back

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8
Q

Dorsal vs ventral

A

dorsal - toward the back
ventral - toward the front

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9
Q

Contralateral vs ipsilateral vs bilateral

A

Contralateral - opposite side
ipsilateral - same side
bilateral - on both sides

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10
Q

Palmar vs Volar vs Plantar

A

palmar - palm of the hand
volar - palm of hand or sole of foot
Plantar - sole, underside of foot

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11
Q

Valgus vs varus

A

valgus - outward angulation of a joint (stress on MCL)
varus - inward angulation of a joint (stress on LCL)

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12
Q

What axis is aligned perpendicular through the frontal plane

A

anteroposterior axis

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13
Q

What movements happen in the frontal plane

A

Abduction, adduction, Radial/Ulnar Deviation, Eversion, Inversion

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14
Q

What axis is aligned perpendicular to the sagittal plane

A

mediolateral axis

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15
Q

What movements occur in the sagittal plane

A

Flexion, Extension

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16
Q

what axis is aligned perpendicular through the transverse plane

A

longitudinal axis

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17
Q

what movement occurs in the transverse plane

A

Internal/External rotation, Pronation/Supination

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18
Q

Abduction

A

lateral movement away from the midline (frontal plane, anteroposterior axis)

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19
Q

Adduction

A

lateral movement toward the trunk (Frontal plane, anteroposterior axis)

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20
Q

Flexion

A

bending movement decreasing joint angle (sagittal plane, Mediolateral axis)

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21
Q

Extension

A

straitening moment that increase joint angle (sagittal plane, mediolateral axis)

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22
Q

External rotation

A

rotary movement of a bone away from the midline (transverse plane, longitudinal axis)

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23
Q

Internal rotation

A

Rotary movement toward the midline (transfers plane, longitudinal axis)

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24
Q

How many axial bones

A

80

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25
Q

How many appendicular bones

A

126

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26
Q

Long bones

A

Levers
Long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends (help with stability)

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27
Q

Short Bones

A

Small, cube-shaped bones that form gliding articulation in hand and feet

disperse impact forces applied to the body from external environment

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28
Q

Flat bones

A

connect appendicular and axial skeleton
Provide Protection

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29
Q

Irregular bones

A

serve to protect internal organs

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30
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

reinforce the tensile properties of tendons, and can increase the mechanical advantage of skeletal muscle

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31
Q

What is bone composed of

A

calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen and water

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32
Q

What is cortical bone

A

Low porosity, 5-30% of bone tissue, stiff and can withstand greater stress (force/area)

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33
Q

What is Spongy (cancellous) bone

A

High porosity 30-90% of bone , flexible and can withstand greater strain

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34
Q

What is wolffs law

A

Bone adapts and remodels in response to stress

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35
Q

What are processes that form joints

A

Condyle, facet, head

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36
Q

Processes that form attachments with ligaments, muscles and tendons

A

Crest, epicondyle, line, process, spine, suture, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity

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37
Q

Synarthrodial

A

Immovable

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38
Q

Amphiarthrodial

A

Slightly Moveable

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39
Q

Diarthrodial

A

Freely moveable

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40
Q

Anatomy and function of synovial joint

A

Freely moveable, consist of a sleeve-like ligamentous joint capsule
Synovial fluid inside joint capsule serves to lubricate articular surface

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41
Q

What is 1 degree of freedom

A

Movement in 1 plane (Radioulnar joint)

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42
Q

What are 2 degrees of freedom

A

Movement in 2 planes (Radiocarpal joint)

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43
Q

What are 3 degrees of freedom

A

Movement in 3 planes (Glenohumeral joint)

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44
Q

Gliding joints

A

2 planar or flat, bony surfaces
Free to move in all planes of motion
Small ROM

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45
Q

Hinge joints

A

Bony articulation restricts movement to a single plane (uniaxial)
EX - Humeroulnar joint

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46
Q

Pivot Joints

A

Bony articulation restricts movement to a single plane (uniaxial)
Ex- radioulnar joint

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47
Q

Knuckle joints (condyloid)

A

Permits movement in 2 plants (bi-axial)
Ex - metacarpophalangeal joint

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48
Q

Ball-and-socket joints

A

Allow movement in all three planes (tri-axial)
Ex - Glenohumeral joint

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49
Q

Saddle joints

A

concave and convex bony articulations that permit movement in all 3 planes (tri-axial)
Ex - 1st carpometacarpal joint

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50
Q

Aggregate Muscle Action

A

Skeletal muscles working together to achieve a given joint movement

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51
Q

usually the least moveable attachment for muscle

A

origin

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52
Q

most moveable attachment for muscle

A

insertion

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53
Q

Muscle contained to the specific body segment upon which it acts

A

Intrinsic muscle

54
Q

Muscles origin is proximal to the body segment upon which it acts

A

Extrinsic muscle

55
Q

When a muscle applies a pulling force across a joint

A

action

56
Q

Skeletal muscle develops a sufficient amount of active tension to overcome resistance.

A

Concentric action

57
Q

Station action where there is no change in length or no joint motion

A

Isometric action

58
Q

Skeletal muscle develops tension to control movement of the resistance. Muscle lengthens

A

Eccentric action

59
Q

Angular velocity of a movement is controlled to remain constant

A

Isokinetic action

60
Q

Agonist

A

muscle that causes joint motion. Primary or prime movers

61
Q

Antagonist

A

Lengthens while agonist contracts.
Works in cooperation with agonist to control movement

62
Q

Stabilizer

A

Fixates, or stabilizes a joint, which enables another limb or body segment to exert force and move

63
Q

Synergists

A

Support the action of the agonists by refining movement and reducing unwanted motion

64
Q

Electric excitable cells

A

Neuron

65
Q

Axons bundled together

A

nerve

66
Q

bundle of nerves

A

plexus

67
Q

Cervical plexus

A

C1-C4
Sensation from upper part of shoulders. back and front of head.
Innervates several neck muscles

68
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

C5-T1
Sensory and motor function to the upper extremity and a majority of scapular muscles

69
Q

Thoracic nerves

A

T2-T12
Sensory and motor function to the throax

70
Q

Lumbosacral plexus

A

L1-S4
Sensory and motor function of the lower trunk, pelvis and lower extremity

71
Q

The muscle, or group of muscles innervated by a specific spinal nerve

A

Myotome

72
Q

3 types of neurons

A

Motor (efferent)
Sensory (afferent)
Interneurons (combination of both 90%)

73
Q

Efferent neurons

A

receive information from brain

74
Q

Afferent neurons

A

send info to brain

75
Q

Muscle is sensitive and responsive to electro-chemical and mechanical stimuli

A

Excitability

76
Q

Ability of muscle to contract, or develop sufficient active tension to overcome external resistance

A

Contractility

77
Q

5 levels of control in the CNS

A
  1. Cerebral cortex
  2. Basal Ganglia
  3. Cerebellum
  4. Brain Stem
  5. Spinal cord
78
Q

Combines information from the somatosensory cortex with conscious thought to generate an initial neural signal

A

Cerebral Cortex

79
Q

Receives signal generated in the motor cortex.
Refines the signal using stored memory of prior movement.
Memory card for movement

A

Basal Ganglia

80
Q

Improves the smoothness or coordination of motor output.
Provides feedback regarding movement error

A

Cerebellum

81
Q

Integrates all CNS activity and relays neural signals to the spinal cord, which may excite or inhibit target skeletal muscles

A

Brain Stem

82
Q

Relays the CNS signal to target skeletal muscles

A

Spinal Cord

83
Q

Collect signals from neurotransmitters

A

Dendrites

84
Q

Causes Cl- to defuse into the cell body causing it to be more negative.

A

GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid)

85
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential

86
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory Post-synaptic potential

87
Q

Causes Na+ to enter cell body

A

Ach (acetylcholine)

88
Q

What causes the muscle to twitch

A

eps stimuli is strong enough to depolarize the axon hillock to -55mv, an AP will be sent to the muscle fibers

89
Q

How does an action potential traveling down the axon of an alpha, or lower, motor neuron stimulate skeletal muscle to contract

A
  1. AP arrives at action terminal
  2. AP triggers the release of Ash into synaptic cleft
  3. ACh binds to motor end plate of skeletal muscle fiber
  4. ACh triggers an EPSP at the motor end plate
  5. AP is sent along Sarcolemma
    6.AP travels into Transverse tubules
  6. AP triggers the release of Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into sarcoplasm
  7. Ca binds to Troponin, causing it to reveal the Myosin binding sites located on Actin
  8. In presence of ATP, myosin head will bind and pull on actin
90
Q

Why is it important that the motor and somatosensory cortices are located close in proximity

A

Fast communication

91
Q

3 major sources of sensory input

A

Proprioception
Exteroception
Vestibular

92
Q

Key skeletal muscle proprioceptors

A

Muscle spindles
Golgi Tendon Organs

93
Q

Awareness of how the body is moving in space based on information from proprioceptors.

A

Kinesthesia

94
Q

Responsible for relaying efferent signals from CNS to target muscle via the alpha, or lower motor neuron

A

peripheral nervous system

95
Q

Respond to the stretch of a muscle by increasing the activation of lower, or alpha motor neurons. Causing a more forceful contraction

A

Muscle spindles

96
Q

Intrafusal

A

muscle spindles sensing stretch of muscle

97
Q

Extrafusal

A

What we use for producing force

98
Q

Where do spindles send an afferent signal to

A

dorsal aspect of spinal cord

99
Q

Respond to tension or stress placed on the tendon. Causing muscle to relax

A

Golgi Tendon Organs

100
Q

Where does the GTO send an afferent signal

A

Dorsal aspect of spinal cord

101
Q

Ability of muscle to be passively stretched beyond resting length

A

Extensibility

102
Q

Abnormal muscle tightness affecting extensibility

A

Spasticity

103
Q

Temporary spasticity

A

Spasms (muscle cramps)

104
Q

Causes of spasms

A

Fatigue increases muscle spindle sensitivity
Poor flexibility, dehydration, electrolytes are thought to play a role, but research is inconclusive

105
Q

Davids law

A

Soft tissue models along the lines of stress

Stretching soft tissue aligns the elastic components of tissue to the direction of the stretch, improving the extensibility of the tissue

106
Q

Ability of muscle to return to its original length following a stretch

A

Elasticity

107
Q

What happens when a tissue stretches or is stressed beyond its elastic tolerance

A

It may injure and not return to its original shape

108
Q

A force expressed within a tissue (or object)

A

Stress

109
Q

Percentage change in length, or shape of a tissue

A

Strain

110
Q

Stress is applied to a tissue, however, when the stress is removed, the tissue returns to its original length

A

Elastic Strain

111
Q

Stress is applied to a tissue and, when the stress is removed, the tissue does not return to is original length

A

Plastic Strain

112
Q

Stress is applied to a tissue and the tissue ruptures, it is no longer able to tolerate stress

A

Ultimate Failure

113
Q

How must the neuromuscular system act differently in order for you to successfully curl objects
Muscles
Nervous

A

Muscle - # of motor unites
Neurons - Frequency of stimulation

114
Q

A single alpha, or lower motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates

A

Motor unit

115
Q

All or none priniciple

A

All the fibers in a single motor unit will fire

116
Q

Muscle force can be increased by activating more of the motor units in the motor pool

A

Spacial summation

117
Q

Size prinicple

A

Small units are recruited before large motor units

118
Q

A single skeletal muscle fiber twitch includes a brief latent period followed by a 40 ms contraction, and a 50 ms relaxation phase. These add up to create a full contraction
Twitch with low amount of force

A

Temporal Summation

119
Q

What is tetanus

A

All the muscles are fully contracted

120
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Muscle fiber growth

121
Q

What does mechanical power predict

A

Athletic ability, functional mobility and fall risk

122
Q

3 Steps of training to improve neuromuscular functio

A
  1. Build a strength base (force emphasis)
    2.Turn Strength into power
  2. Develop eccentric and reactive strength
123
Q

Prerequisits for building a strength base

A

Core strength, proper movement mechanics

124
Q

What are you improving in step 1

A

Motor unit synchronization
Motor unit requirement
Rate coding (frequency of AP)
Decrease autogenic GTO inhibition

125
Q

Signaling protein that functions as a major regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy

A

mTOR

126
Q

Factors that can stimulate mTOR release

A

Mechanical overload
Hypoxia
Protein and carb consumption

127
Q

Step 2. Turn strength into power components

A

Continue to build core strength, muscle strength.
Place more emphasis on ballistic exercises, where resistance must be accelerated quickly and moved with hight velocity.
(velocity emphasis)

128
Q

The ability to change rapidly from eccentric to concentric muscle action

A

Reactive Strength, stretch-shortening cycle

129
Q

Progression to develop reactive strength

A

Plyometric (can help GTO to be quieter)

130
Q

3 steps for plyometrics

A
  1. Begin by performing jumps from the ground
  2. Start incorporate boxes. Drop landings
  3. Incorporate advanced, high intensity exercises

Anatomical Kinesiology (3 decks)

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