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IT-RAD101 [PRELIMS] > Radioactivity Part 1 > Flashcards

Radioactivity Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

When was radioactivity discovered?

A

March 1, 1896

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2
Q

Who discovered radioactivity?

A

Antoine Henri Becquerel

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3
Q

French physicist who accidentally discovered radioactivity by opening a drawer

A

Antoine Henri Becquerel

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4
Q

When was Antoine Becquerel born?

A

In Paris, 1852

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5
Q

What did Antoine studied because of his father?

A

Fluorescence and Phosphorescence

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6
Q

Becquerel was specially interested in what?

A

Uranium and its compounds

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7
Q

Who is Antoine Henri Becquerel’s father?

A

Edmond Becquerel

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8
Q

This is where Becquerel first heard about Roentgen’s theory.

A

French Academy of Sciences

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9
Q

TRUE or FALSE: From Becquerel’s accidental discovery, uranium salts emitted radiation without any stimulation from sunlight.

A

True

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10
Q

TRUE or FALSE: It was announced that Uranium was indeed what was emitting the radiation.

A

True

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11
Q

They began studying the strange Uranium rays

A

Marie Sklodowska Curie and Pierre Curie

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12
Q

When did the Curies started studying the strange Uranium rays?

A

1898

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13
Q

What are the 3 radioactive elements discovered by the Curies?

A
  1. Polonium (Po)
  2. Thorium (Th)
  3. Radium (Ra)
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14
Q

What did the Curies mainly discovered?

A

They figured out how to measure the intensity of radioactivity

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15
Q

Who coined the term “radioactivity”

A

Marie Curie

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16
Q

Becquerel and the Curies shared what specific award, for their work in radioactivity?

A

1903 Nobel Prize

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17
Q

This is a naturally-occurring phenomenon in a number of substances

A

Radioactivity

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18
Q

This is where atoms of a substance spontaneously/continuously emit invisible but energetic radiations, which can penetrate materials that are opaque to visible light

A

Radioactivity

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19
Q

Radioactivity can be harmful to living cells but can be helpful to the field of what?

A

Field of medicine

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20
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Vast majority of nuclei found on Earth is not stable.

A

False, because most of nuclei found on Earth is indeed, stable.

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21
Q

Approximate number of stable isotopes:

A

270 stable isotopes

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22
Q

Number of naturally-occurring radioisotopes:

A

50 radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes)

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23
Q

This is a plot of nuclei as a function of proton/atomic number (z) and neutron number (N) which includes all stable nuclei and known radioactive nuclei, either man-made or natural, along with their decay properties

A

Chart of nuclides

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24
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Nuclei are unstable if they are excited, that is, not in their lowest energy states.

A

True

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25
Q

“Nature seeks the lowest energy state”

A

Nuclear stability

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26
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Things are most stable in their lowest energy state, while unstable atoms will try and become stable by getting to a lower energy state by emitting some form of radioactivity

A

True

27
Q

What are the 3 forces that works in the nucleus in holding or not holding protons?

A
  1. Electromagnetic forces
  2. Strong force
  3. Weak force
28
Q

A type of force wherein it follows the principle of like charges repel ; positive charges of protons tend to force the protons apart

A

Electromagnetic force

29
Q

This type of force counters EM force ; attracts protons to each other

A

Strong force

30
Q

This force governs how an unstable nucleus will decay into a stable nucleus

A

Weak force

31
Q

This is a successful way in predicting nuclear stability

A

Neutron-to-proton ratio (n/p)

32
Q

TRUE or FALSE: N/P ratio is close to 1 for atoms of elements with low atomic numbers (less than 20 protons)

A

True

33
Q

TRUE or FALSE: element 84 and beyond is unstable.

A

True

33
Q

TRUE or FALSE: N/P ratio increases as the atomic number increases past element 20 (Calcium) to 84 (Polonium)

A

True

34
Q

This particle of an atom helps in binding the nucleus together

A

Neutrons

35
Q

Whether a nucleus contains an odd/even number of protons and neutrons

A

Predicting Nuclear Stability

36
Q

Choose from the two choices in the parenthesis:

Nuclides containing odd numbers of both protons and neutrons are (more , less) stable and more radioactive.

A

Less

37
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Nuclides containing even numbers of both protons and neutrons are most stable.

A

True

38
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Greater binding energy means a more stable nucleus.

A

True

39
Q

This is a plot of the number of neutrons vs the number of protons for stable nuclei reveals that the stable isotopes fall into a narrow band.

A

Belt of Stability or Band of Stability

40
Q

This is a property exhibited by certain types of matter emitting energy and subatomic particles spontaneously

A

Radioactivity

41
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Unstable nucleus will decompose spontaneously, or decay, into a more stable configuration.

A

True

42
Q

What are the 2 main sources of radioactivity?

A
  1. Natural environmental sources
  2. Artificial sources
43
Q

This originates in outer space continuously bombarded the Earth’s gaseous envelope

A

Cosmic rays

44
Q

These include long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium, thorium, and any of their decay product, such as radium and radon.

A

Terrestrial sources

45
Q

These are products of nuclear reaction initiated by man

A

Artificial sources

46
Q

These are designed to produce power, neutrons, radioisotopes, and fissile materials

A

Nuclear reactors

47
Q

This is the primary source of radiation from the human body

A

Potassium-40 (40K)

48
Q

2 reasons why potassium is the primary source of radiation from the human body:

A
  1. Present in all the tissues in the body
  2. Easy to digest
49
Q

This is the number of times a radioactive decay occurs in the sample per unit time

A

Activity (decay rate)

50
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Activity of a radioactive sample decreases with time

A

True

51
Q

1 Bq = ? dps

A

1 dps

52
Q

1 Ci = ? dps

A

3.7 x 10^10 dps

53
Q

1 Ci = ? Bq

A

3.7 x 10^10 Bq

54
Q

1 Bq = ? Ci

A

2.7 x 10^-11 Ci

55
Q

1 mci = ? Ci

A

0.0001 Ci or 1x10^-3 Ci

56
Q

1 μci = ? Ci

A

0.000001 Ci or 1x10^-6 Ci

57
Q

This is the activity per unit mass of a substance, whether atoms of a single nuclide or a compound

A

Specific activity

58
Q

unit of specific activity:

A

Bq/kg (SI unit), Ci/g, or dpm/g

59
Q

This is the amount of time it takes for the decay rate to reach half of its original value

A

Half-life (t 1/2)

60
Q

Types of half-life:

A
  1. Physical Half-Life
  2. Biological Half-life
  3. Effective Half-life
61
Q

Period of time required to reduce the radioactivity level to a source to exactly one half of its original value.

A

Physical half-life

62
Q

This reduces the amount of drug/pharmaceutical in an organ or the body to exactly one half of its original value.

A

Biological half-life

63
Q

This reduces the radioactivity level of an internal organ or the whole body to exactly one half of its original value.

A

Effective half-life

IT-RAD101 [PRELIMS] (5 decks)

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