Describing Health and Disease Flashcards
What are the positives of active surveillance?
delivers a quantified estimate of disease frequency
delivers representative data
Structured surveys usually undertaken by the government
What are the negatives of passive/ scanning surveilance?
Relies on goodwill and submission of evidence by others
Subjective and prone to bias
Does not provide a reliable estimate of prevalence
What are the positives of passive surveillance?
Engages a broad range of stakeholders
Most are effective for uncommon and new/emerging diseases
Relatively inexpensive
What are the negatives of active surveillance?
Expensive
Inefficent for uncommon diseases
Ineffective for ‘unknown’ diseases
What are the purposes of surveillance?
name at least 3
- Detection of new conditions/hazards
- Demonstrate freedom from disease
- Describe the level and distribution of specified diseases
- Detect threats to human health
- Detect cases to facilitate control
What are the levels of surveillance in farmed livestock?
- Stockperson observation
- Herd/Flock production data
- Veterinary practice records
- Laboratory data
- Abbatoir data
- Fallen stock data
- Movement records
What are some examples of factors that affect disease reporting
Farm factors, Relationships, Vet factors, Economics and logistics, Disease factors
What is a sporadic event?
Unpredictable, haphazard occurrence of disease that cannot be linked to other incidents. Sporadic cases may represent a large proportion of all detections
What is an endemic?
the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area
What is an epidemic?
An increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above that which is normally expected in a defined population and area
It need not affect many individuals nor be widespread
What is an outbreak?
The occurrence of cases of disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a defined community, geographical area or season. An outbreak may occur in a restricted geographical area, or may extend over several countries. It may last for a few days or weeks, or for several years. An outbreak may be considered as a “special case” of an epidemic, in which there is a single source and negligible secondary transmission
What is a pandemic?
an epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of individuals or holdings
What is the definition of a veterinary surveillance system?
comprises a set of surveillance components that together provide evidence concerning animal health
What are some qualities of Host adapted serovars in salmonella
Clinical/subclinical infection
Long term carriers
High morbidity in adults & calves
Economic losses
Compromises animal welfare
What are some risk factors of salmonella host adapted serovars?
Contact (direct/indirect)
Animal trade
Herd size
Concurrent BVDV infection
Feeding strategies
Climate
Liver fluke infestation
