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env-3602 > Sustainable Governance > Flashcards

Sustainable Governance Flashcards

1
Q

What is a “Wicked Problem”?

A
  1. Impossible to solve
  2. The problem is many different problems.
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2
Q

What are some tools used for Environmental Governance?

A

Heuristic Things (useful for helping us think about the world)
Values, Norms and Beliefs

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3
Q

Who quoted “The era of management is over”?

A

Ludwig, 2001

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4
Q

What are Ludwigs (2001) main arguments?

A
  1. Old environmental management paradigm does not fit the current problem understanding or realities.
  2. Complex “Wicked” problem domains are pluralistic settings.
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5
Q

Why is it important to have a multi-sector approach when dealing with “Wicked” problems?

A

It is difficult to understand an entire problem because there are variables that only one group cannot understand.

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6
Q

What are Ideologies?

A

A set of opinions / beliefs

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7
Q

How are Ideologies used to influence environmental governance?

A

To promote the view that experts using scientific methods can manage the world’s problems.

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8
Q

What is one common misconception of ideologies discussed in lecture?

A

Where it state that experts are the ‘smartest’ and most powerful person in the room. A healthy dose of criticism is critical to understanding a broader perspective.

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9
Q

Where do we often find a “Legitimacy Crisis”?

A

In environmental planning and management.

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10
Q

What is Legitimacy?

A

Consensus / agreement, valid, aligns with what we believe in.

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11
Q

What does it mean when we say “Experts are facing a legitimacy crisis…”?

A

People are not believing in or accepting experts results.

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12
Q

What is an example of de-legitimizing?

A

Political powers undermining evidence and research of the experts.

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13
Q

What are some challenges / barriers faced with the legitimacy crisis?

A

Making science accessible to non-specialists.

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14
Q

True or False: Governance and class play a significant role in wicked problems.

A

True.

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15
Q

What is an example of a wicked problem and why?

A

Climate change.
Because it is a large-scale problem with solutions in philosophy and methods.
Also, because there are many variables at play that require the involvement of many different knowledges.

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16
Q

True or False: Wicked problems exceed the ability of unilateral action.

A

True.

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17
Q

What are the 3 Ideologies proposed by Ludwig?

A
  1. Economism
  2. Scientism
  3. Technocracy
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18
Q

Explain the role of Economism in environmental governance:

A

Economic values emphasized at the expense of all others. An anthropocentric ideology that views nature based on conferred value.

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19
Q

Explain the role of Scientism in environmental governance:

A

Belief that science is inherently capable of solving all human problems; derives from unquestioned achievements of science.

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20
Q

What ideology of environmental governance does the following statement apply to “It’s valuable because it is useful to us”?

A

Economism

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21
Q

What are some pros of Scientism?

A

Increase in food supply, decreased mortality rates, etc.

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22
Q

What are some cons in Scientism?

A

Improvements in military capabilities.

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23
Q

What was Ludwigs main argument in regards to Scientism?

A

The blind faith in science is involved in the sociological interactions, and decisions being made off this blind faith.

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24
Q

Explain the ideology of Technocracy in relation to environmental governance:

A

Tendency to view technological innovation as the magic bullet for resolving various problems.

25
Q

What is often view as the “Cure all” for resolving problems?

A

Technology

26
Q

Are Funtowicz and Ravitzs’ environmental governance ideologies base on:
Quantitative Data or
Qualitative Data

A

Quantitative (Western Science)

27
Q

Economists see the _______ as ideal.

A

Market

28
Q

Biologists see ____ as ideal.

A

Biodiversity

29
Q

International development sees ________ as ideal.

A

Community

30
Q

What is Ludwigs argument in terms of values and actions?

A

That we are imbedded within values and belief systems.

31
Q

What conditions make expertise hard to come by?

A

Controversy
Uncertainty

32
Q

What does Ludwig mean by “New Role of Experts”?

A

That there is radical uncertainty and controversy and opportunity for change in expert knowledge.

33
Q

Why does Ludwig associate blunt metrics with “wicked” problems?

A

Because the current tools used for addressing “wicked” problems are currently blunt metrics, AKA not capable of solving the issues.

34
Q

What are the 3 key components of addressing a “Wicked” problem?

A

Adaptive Management
Consideration
Collaboration (Inter-agency)

35
Q

What are the three components of Post-Normal science?

A
  1. Env. Policy: The nature of environmental policy problems today is “post normal”.
  2. Uncertainty: System uncertainty and decision stakes dictate the approaches used to solve problems.
  3. Legitimate Perspectives: New system assumptions
36
Q

Who proposed the idea of Post-Normal science?

A

Funtowicz and Ravetz

37
Q

What is post-normal science?

A

The management of complex science-related issues.
It focuses on aspects of problem solving that. tend to be neglected in traditional accounts of scientific practice: uncertainty, value loading, and a plurality of legitimate perspectives.

38
Q

What are the 3 new systems assumptions of post-normal science?

A
  1. Unpredictability
  2. Incomplete Control
  3. Plurality of perspectives
39
Q

What is the Khunsian view of Science?

A

Science does not progress via a linear accumulation of new knowledge but undergoes periodic revolutions.

40
Q

What are the three main components of the Khunsian view of Science?

A
  1. Uncertainties addressed automatically.
  2. Values are unspoken.
  3. No foundational problems (Believes what we are working with is sound, until said otherwise)
41
Q

What is the 5-step flow of “Normal-Science”?

A
  1. Normal Science
  2. Model Drift
  3. Model Crisis
  4. Model Revolution
  5. Paradigm Shift
42
Q

Define a Paradigm:

A

Entire constellation of beliefs, values and techniques, accepted by a group of practitioners for a period of time.

43
Q

Who invented the idea of K-Waves?

A

Nicolai Kondratiev’s

44
Q

What are K-Waves?

A

The process of innovation and development cycles.

45
Q

What is the acronym used in K-Waves?

A

P - Prosperity
R - Recession
D - Depression
E - Improvement

46
Q

What is the meaning behind K-Waves?

A

As innovation increases and time increases, we know more about the different systems moving together at the same time.

47
Q

What are Funtowicz and Ravetzs’ critiques of science?

A
  1. Traditional v. Western Knowledge
  2. Access to science due to privilege.
  3. Scientific expertise leading to Policy dilemmas
48
Q

What is an example of scientific expertise leading to policy dilemmas?

A

Aral Sea

49
Q

What happened to the Aral Sea?

A

They drained the lake for agriculture because the government wanted to be self-sufficient in cotton production.
Desperation and pressure caused the government to make this decision, by the soviet decision makers.

50
Q

What are the four approaches environmental governance from Funtowicz and Ravitz?

A
  1. Applied Science
  2. Professional Consultancy
  3. Post-Normal Science
  4. Core Science
51
Q

Which of the four approaches from Funtowicz and Ravitz applies to the following: Mission oriented

A

Applied Science

52
Q

Which of the four approaches from Funtowicz and Ravitz applies to the following: Client Serving

A

Professional Consultancy

53
Q

Which of the four approaches from Funtowicz and Ravitz applies to the following: Issue Driven

A

Post-Normal Science

54
Q

Which of the four approaches from Funtowicz and Ravitz applies to the following: Curiosity Driven

A

Core Science

55
Q

(Approach by Funtowicz and Ravitz) ____________: Uncertainties at technical level, Standard routines and procedures and Peer-review extended based on use and impacts of whatever solutions we develop.

A

Applied Science

56
Q

(Approach by Funtowicz and Ravitz) ____________: ii. High level judgements and skills needed; calculation less helpful.

A

Professional Consultancy

57
Q

(Approach by Funtowicz and Ravitz) ____________: i. Nature of uncertainty is different, either epistemological or ethical in kind

A

Post-Normal science

58
Q

What are the 6 main arguments brought by Funtowicz and Ravetz?

A
  1. Science is complex.
  2. Facts uncertain
  3. Much unknown
  4. High stakes
  5. Urgent decisions
  6. High value component and values disrupted.

env-3602 (10 decks)

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