Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

urology > Testis & Scrotum > Flashcards

Testis & Scrotum Flashcards

1
Q

List etiologies of hydrocele

A
  1. Inc formation of fluid, 2ry
  2. Dec abs of fluid, 1ry
  3. Interference w/ lymphatic drainage
  4. Patent processus vaginalis (congenital)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How to diff clinically bet congenital & infantile hydrocele

A

Con shows diurnal change in size while infantile doesn’t as it has no connection w/ peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List comp of hydrocele

A
  1. Hernia of sac through dartos muscle
  2. Hematocele
  3. Infection, rupture, calcification
  4. If bilateral testicular atrophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mention a test for encysted hydrocele of cord

A

Mobility restricted on downward traction of testis (traction test)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Acute hydrocele in young man is suspicious for….

A

Testicular tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mention MC causes of 2ry hydrocele

A

Acute or chronic epididymo-orchitis
Torsion, testicular tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mention the main complaint for acute epididymo-orchitis

A

Acute painful scrotal swelling relieved by elevating scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe local exam of varicocelr w/ mentioning how to diff 1ry from 2ry

A

Inspection: left hangs lower, skin shows dilated veins
Palpation:
1. Fullness at scrotal neck
2. Assciated w/ lax small 2ry hydrocele: pinching test
3. Bag of worms gives thrill on cough & relieved by lying down only in 1RY NOT 2RY
4. Examine for testicualr atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List complication of varicocele

A
  1. Subfertility: asthenospermia
  2. Thrombosis
  3. 2ry hydrocele
  4. Testicular atrophy
  5. Neurosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List inv for varicocele

A
  1. Duplex scan shows reversed blood flow DIAGNOSTIC
  2. Semen analysis medicolegal, OAT $
  3. Scrotal, transrectal US
  4. Abdominal US to exclude 2ry causes (RCC)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is varcocele more common on left?

A
  1. Left adrenal secretes adrenaline near mouth of testicular v
  2. It enters perpendicular to renal v
  3. Longer than rt
  4. Crossed by rt CIA & pelvic colon
  5. Nut-cracker effect bet aorta & SMA
  6. Left renal a arches over vein
  7. Valves on left are usually malformed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe etiology of 2ry varicocele

A

MC: RCC
Retroperitoneal fibrosis/tumor
Post-nephrectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

MC arterial C of impotence is….

A

Atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mention side effect & CIs for PDE5I

A

Headache, dyspepsia, blue vision
CI: nitrate therapy, severe uncontrolled hypotension, severe cardiac malfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define:
1. Spermatocele
2. Simple cyst of epididymis
How to differentiate clinically

A
  1. Retention cyst of vasa-efferentia
  2. Cyst of vestigial structure “hydatid of morgagni”, degeneration of epididymis
    Epididymal cyst are almost always separate from testis proper while spermatocele is not
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mention cause of acute & chronic hematocele
Describe ttt of each

A

Acute: trauma, postoperative, aspiration of hydrocele, acute funiculo-epididymi-orchitis, torsion. Evacuation of the blood & excision of tunica vaginalis (if torn repain)
Chronic: neglected acute, malignant neoplasm, blood disease (repeated hge).
Early: dissection & excision of tunica, late: orchiectomy to exclude malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The nerve controlling external urethral sphincter is….

A

Pudendal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List CI of recieving renal transplant

A
  1. Active infection
  2. Recent malignant disease
  3. Active GN
  4. Pre-sensitization to donor HLA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Time for acute rejection is….., ttt is…..

A

Within 3 months
Steroid pulses, ATG, OKT3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is triple immunosuppressive therapy for renal transplantation

A

CSS, mycophenolate mofetil, cyclosporine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

MC cause of unilateral chronic retention is….while that of bilateral is…..

A

Stones
BPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

MC tumors in humans are….., in younger patients they are…..while in adulthood they turn…..

A

Naevi
Junctional, intradermal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mention naevi that are most likely to turn malignant

A
  1. Giant hairy naevi (carry high possibility of malignant transformation)
  2. Junctional naevi
  3. Chronic irritation (shaving)
  4. Incomplete excsion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Indications for ttt of benign melanoma & its ttt

A
  1. For cosmetic reasons, subjected to repeated trauma, suspected to return malignant
  2. Giant hairy naevi; compound naevus covering larger area of skin
    TTT: medical (quinolones), laser (Q-switched), surgical excision
25
Q

Mention signs of malignant transformation in naevi

A

Asymmetrical, irregular border, hard, dark, chct (itching, tingling, bleeding ulcer), diameter >6mm w/satellite nodules, spontaneous ulceration & bleeding, enlargement of the lesion, inflammation w/out trauma, LN swelling in drainage area.

26
Q

Mention predisposing factors of malignant melanoma

A
  1. Prolonged exposure to sunlight (UV rays)
  2. Inc incidence in albinism, retinitis pigmentosa, rare in negros more c in fair skinned
  3. On top of benign lesions (if exposed to chronic irritation)
27
Q

MC malignant melanoma & its prognosis

A

Superficial spreading
Best (radial growth)

28
Q

Nodular melanoma pattern of growth is……

A

Vertical growth w/out radial growth phase

29
Q

MC site of acral lentigious m is…., prognosis is…..

A

Sole, palm, under nails
Poor (radial then vertical)

30
Q

Worst type of MM is……, diagnosed by…..

A

Amelanotic melanoma
Dopa reaction test & biopsy

31
Q

Compare clinically bet lentigo maligna & superficial spreading

A

LM: younger age, MC trunk in males, leg & back in females
SS: old ages females, more c on face in sun exposed areas

32
Q

Describe blood spread of MM

A

MC to lung, high affinity to liver

33
Q

Mentiom INV for MM

A

Diagnosis: excisional biopsy, safety margin 3mm, should include whole skin & SC tissue forcstaging, paraffin better than frozen
Staging isotope scintigraphy for sentinel LN
Preop: routine inv

34
Q

In Clark’s classification, levels…..are those of radial growth, levels…..are those of vertical growth

A

I & II
III, IV, V

35
Q

Mention how safety margin is calculated for MM

A

1 cm if thickness <1mm
2 cm if thickness 1-4mm
3 cm if thickness >4mm

36
Q

List PDFs for non-melanotic skin malignancies

A
  1. Premalignant lesions
  2. UV exposure
  3. Radiation: IC
  4. Marjolin ulcer: chronic irritation, ulcer, old burn scar & sinus
  5. Prolonged exposure to carcinogenic agents
  6. Exposure to viral carcinogens, HPV
37
Q

List PDFs of premalignant skin lesions

A
  1. Xeroderma pigmentosa (AR)
  2. Keratoacanthoma (vs BCC)
  3. Actinic keratosis (MC)
  4. Bowen’s disease
  5. Leukoplakia
38
Q

MC malignant skin lesion is….., its site is…, edge is…., LN are…..

A

BCC
Face above line joining angle of mouth to tragus of ear
Rolled in & beaded
No enlarged unless SCC or infection

39
Q

Mention inv for BCC & SCC

A

Excisional biopsy for both
B—X-ray
S—sentinel LN & CT

40
Q

BCC is removed w/safety margin…..

A

0.5 cm

41
Q

List indications for surgery in BCC

A
  1. Small lesions
  2. Infiltrating bone & cartilage
  3. Radioresistant
  4. Recurrence after radiation
42
Q

Mention I & CI of radiation in BCC

A

I, debilitated patient, unfit for surgery
CI:
1. Infiltrated bone/cartilage, irradiation necrosis
2. Near the eye: avoid irradiation cataract
3. Recurrence after irradiation: avoid superselection

43
Q

CI for radiation in SCC

A

Marjolin’s ulcer

44
Q

Mention complications of BCC& SCC

A
  1. Infiltrating the surrounding
  2. 2ry infection
  3. Hge from erosion of big vessels
    S—distant mets & cachexia
    B—epitheliomatous transformation (baso-squamous carcinoma)
45
Q

Mention MC type of BCC

A

Nodulo-ulcerative type

46
Q

Mention causes of macroglossia

A

Congenital: cavernous hemagiomas, AV fistula, lymphangiomas, NF
Acquired: cretinism, acromegaly, amyloidosis

47
Q

Mention pathological variations of tongue cancer

A

SCC (MC), verrucous carcinoma, BCC (adenocarcinoma), posterior is less differentiated

48
Q

Mention causes of pain in tongue

A

In tongue early: infection, late: lingual n affection
Ear: referred by auriculotemporal n
On swallowing: if post 1/3 of tongue

49
Q

List comp of malignant ulcer of tongue

A
  1. Inhalation pneumonia, asphyxia
  2. Infection, 2ry hge: lingual or ICA
  3. Cachexia
50
Q

Mention inv for malignant tongue ulcerj

A
  1. Excisional biopsy w/ 1cm safety margin (best inv)
  2. FNAC
  3. CT neck & mandible
51
Q

Mention indications of surgery & radiation in tongue cancer

A

S:1. Small growths, incomplete resection, regression or recurrence
2. Cancer on top of precancerous lesions
3. Close to mandible
R: T1&2

52
Q

Mention ind for palliative ttt in tongue cancer

A

Unresectable tumor, fixed LNs, distant mets

53
Q

Describe ttt of post 1/3 cancer of tongue

A

Total glossectomy, needs median mandibulectomy + irradiation

54
Q

Mention 3 indications for COMMANDO

A

Sarcomatous & carcinomatous epulis & tongue cancer close to mandible

55
Q

What is epulis & how is it generally treated?

A

Generic name applied to tumor of gingiva or alveolar mucosa
Curettage & electrosurgery & cryosuregry

56
Q

Mention CP, radiology & ttt of OS of jaw

A

Jaw pain & swelling, paresthesia for mandibular lesions, & loosening of teeth
Sunburst appearance
Radical resection with up to 3cm free margin + preoperative & postop chemo

57
Q

MC epulis is….

A

Fibrous

58
Q

Describe ttt for the following types of epulis:
1. Fibrous
2. Granulomatous
3. Myeloid

A
  1. Teeth extract + excsion w/ wide base of peiosteum
  2. Excision & removal of tooth + biopsy
  3. Wide excision w/ safety margin

urology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions