photosynthesis

Question 1

Jon Baptista Van Helmont

Answer 1

designed first scientific study to measure if plants get mass from soil, found that as plant mass increased, soil mass did not decrease, proving plants come from air

Question 2

co2 distribution

Answer 2

evenly distributed through the atmosphere at 0.04%

Question 3

water and light distribution

Answer 3

unevenly distributed over space and time

Question 4

light

Answer 4

visible portion of electromagnetic spectrum 400-700nm, less than 1% of solar energy is used for photosynthesis

Question 5

chlorophyll a

Answer 5

primary pigment used in photosynthesis, electron excited by visible light initiates the electron transport chain, found in all photosynthetic organisms that use water

Question 6

accessory pigments

Answer 6

absorb other wavelengths of light and pass the energy to chlorophyll a

Question 7

chlorophyll b

Answer 7

found in all plants and green algae, absorbs blue and green light

Question 8

carotenoids

Answer 8

carotene and xanthophyll, absorb blue and green pigments, found in all photosynthetic organisms

Question 9

palisade mesophyll cells

Answer 9

tightly packed under the epidermis of the leaf to channel light into the interior where light bounces around increasing the chances of it hitting chlorophyll

Question 10

photosynthesis equation

Answer 10

3CO2 +6H2O + light —chlorophyll, enzymes—> C3H6O3 +3H2O

Question 11

light reactions

Answer 11

occur first using photosystems two and one, water is split and oxygen is released, NADPH and ATP are produced, takes place in the thylakoid membrane

Question 12

photosystem II

Answer 12

associated with splitting water and generating oxygen, hydrogen donates an electron to chlorophyll a to regenerate it, generates ATP in the presence of PS 1

Question 13

photosystem I

Answer 13

retrieves an electron from PS 2, gets excited by light triggering another ETC producing NADPH

Question 14

cyclic phosphorylation

Answer 14

photosystem I working without PS 2 produces ATP

Question 15

calvin cycle

Answer 15

uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions to fix CO2 into C3H6O3 in the stroma of the chloroplasts

Question 16

rubisco

Answer 16

enzyme essential to the calvin cycle used in the first carbon fixation

Question 17

possible routes for the G3P product

Answer 17

converted to sucrose to be used or stored as starch, lipids, or cellulose

Question 18

photorespiration

Answer 18

in the absence of CO2 rubisco binds to O2 making a toxic product that must be broken down to recover the CO2 costing ATP

Question 19

C4 plants

Answer 19

PEP carboxylase fixes carbon in mesophyll cells which is transported to bundle sheath cells for the calvin cycle, light reactions are done in mesophyll cells so that the calvin cycle can occur in the absence of oxygen

Question 20

Kranz anatomy

Answer 20

bundle sheath cells are enlarged in C4 plants to allow for the calvin cycle

Question 21

CAM plants

Answer 21

uses PEP carboxylase to form a 4 carbon compound, CO2 is collected overnight and converted to malic acid to store, during the day malic acid is converted to be used for photosynthesis, requires the most ATP