carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 main groups of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

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2
Q

what are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

instant energy sources
transportable/stores of energy
structural materials

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3
Q

what are examples of monosaccharides?

A

triose
pentose
hexose

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4
Q

what is an example of triose?

A

glyceraldehyde

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5
Q

what is an example of pentose?

A

ribose
deoxyribose

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6
Q

what is an example of hexose?

A

glucose
galactose
fructose

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7
Q

what is glucose?

A

a hexose monosaccharide
simple sugar

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8
Q

what are the properties of glucose?

A

polar molecule
very soluble
major respiratory substrate

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9
Q

where is the OH in alpha glucose?

A

at the bottom

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10
Q

where is the OH in beta glucose?

A

at the top

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11
Q

what does fructose look like?

A

a pentagon shape

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12
Q

what does galactose look like compared to glucose?

A

alpha glucose
OH on the left side is swapped to the TOP

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13
Q

what are disaccharides?

A

2 monosaccharides joined together during a condensation reaction

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14
Q

what happens during a condensation reaction?

A

larger molecules are formed
new covalent bond formed
water molecule lost

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15
Q

glucose + glucose

A

maltose

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16
Q

glucose + galactose

A

lactose

17
Q

glucose + fructose

A

sucrose

18
Q

what are the properties of polysaccharides?

A

insoluble
no osmotic effect on cells
compact (stored in small space)
carries a lot of energy in C-H and C-C bonds

19
Q

what is starch made of?

A

a mixture of amylose (alpha) and amlyopectin (alpha)

20
Q

what is amylose made from?

A

maltose (glucose + glucose) + glucose

21
Q

what is amylose?

A

straight chain
only 1-4 glycosidic bonds
coiled

22
Q

what bonds are in carbohydrates?

A

glycosidic bonds

23
Q

what is amlyopectin?

A

branched molecule
both 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

24
Q

what does starch do?

A

storage polysaccharide in plants

25
Q

what is special about the structure of starch?

A

structured so that glucose can be readily broken off for respiration

26
Q

what is glycogen?

A

stored form of glucose
made of many glucose units

27
Q

what are the properties of glycogen?

A

more branched
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

28
Q

what does glycogen do?

A

storage polysaccharide for animals (in liver and muscles)

29
Q

what are the properties of cellulose?

A

long and unbranched
every other glucose is flipped 180 degrees

30
Q

what is the structure of cellulose?

A

forms parallel chains that lie side by side
held in place by hydrogen bonds
cross links between chains form microfibrils

31
Q

what is cellulose used for?

A

in cell walls
strong structure supports cell wall to prevent bursting

32
Q

what is chitin?

A

structural polysaccharide in insect exoskeletons, spiders and crustaceans, cell walls of fungi

33
Q

what are the properties of chitin?

A

contains NITROGEN
similar structure to cellulose but has side groups
strong
waterproof
lightweight

34
Q

what is the side group in chitin?

A

acetyl amide

35
Q

is starch alpha or beta?

A

alpha

36
Q

is glycogen alpha or beta?

A

alpha

37
Q

is cellulose alpha or beta?

A

beta

38
Q

is chitin alpha or beta?

A

beta