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A&P2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

6 digestive processes

A

Ingestion, Secretion, Mixing & Movement, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination/Defecation

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2
Q

Gastrointestinal tract structures

A

Oral cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine

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3
Q

Accessory Structures GI

A

Salivary Glands, Tongue/Teeth, Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder

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4
Q

Salivary Glands

A

Parotic, Submandibular, Sublingual

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5
Q

Parotic Salivary Gland

A

Anterior and inferior to ear, drains near upper second molar

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6
Q

Submandibular salivary gland

A

Under mandible, drains behind the lower central incisors

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7
Q

Sublingual salivary gland

A

Under tounge, drains on to floor of oral cavity, lesser sublingual ducts

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8
Q

Function of saliva

A

Moisten, cleanse, lubricate, Gustation, carbohydrate(starch) digestion

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9
Q

Enzyme contained in saliva for carbohydrate digestion

A

Salivary amylase

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10
Q

3 parts of teeth

A

Crown - visible portion covered by enamel

Root - fits into alveolar processes with canals that contact vasculature, bottom called apical foramen

Neck - junction between crown and root

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11
Q

Primary Teeth name and amount

A

Baby
20

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12
Q

Secondary Teeth name and amount

A

Adult
32

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13
Q

Hollow area inside tooth

A

Pulp cavity

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14
Q

Teeth are primarily made out of

A

Dentin

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15
Q

Where is starch digestion started?

A

Oral cavity by salivary amylase

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16
Q

Scientific name for swallowing

A

Deglutition

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17
Q

Scientific name for tasting

A

Gustation

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18
Q

Sphincter controlling the passage of chyme from stomach into duodenum

A

Pyloric sphincter

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19
Q

5 gastric gland cells and related secretions

A

Surface cell - mucus

Mucus Neck cell - mucus

Parietal cell - HCl, Intrinsic factor(B12, lack of causes pernicious anemia)

Chief Cells - pepsinogen and gastric lipase

G cells - hormone Gastrin

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20
Q

Peristalsis

A

Muscular contractions

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21
Q

Which secretions from gastric gland cells are found in gastric juice

A

Everything but gastrin from G cells, instead secreted directly to blood stream

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22
Q

MAIN type of chemical digestion in stomach and enzyme involved

A

Protein digestion using pepsin in acidic environment

Pepsinogen + HCl —> Pepsin(active)

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23
Q

Normal time food is in stomach, which meals leave fastested/slowest

A

2 to 4 hours, carb rich fasted, lipid slowest

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24
Q

Organ producing a “cocktail of juices” containing enzymes for digesting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

A

Pancreatic juice

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25
Q

Function of bile

A

Emulsification of fats, breaks down large fat globules into small

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26
Q

Function of gallbladder

A

Store and concentrate bile, 10x stronger

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27
Q

3 parts of small intestine

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

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28
Q

Where is the lacteal located and what is its function

A

Small intestine, lymphatic vessel in the villi, lipid absorption

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29
Q

Principle site of digestion and absorption

A

Small intestine, 90-95%

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30
Q

Unique anatomical structures only found in the large intestines

A

Appendix, teniae coli(3 distinct bands) creating pouches called haustra

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31
Q

Which nutrients require micelle formation for absorption

A

Fats and lipids, triglycerides

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32
Q

What are the teniae coli

A

3 seperate bands of longitudinal section of the muscularis of the large intestine

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33
Q

What sphincter controls chyme movement from the small to large intestine?

A

ileocecal sphincter

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34
Q

How does carbohydrate/protein absorption differ from lipid absorption?

A

Monosaccahrides and amino acids are directly absorbed into the blood stream from villi while lipids go into the lacteals and into the lymphatic vessels

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35
Q

Form of carbohydrates absorbed

A

Monosaccharides, glucose, galactose, fructose

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36
Q

Form of proteins absorbed

A

Free amino acids

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37
Q

Form of lipids absorbed

A

Two fatty acids, 1 monoglyceride

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38
Q

Functions of Liver

A

Lipid metabolism, detoxification, phagocytosis, Storage of Vitamin B and K, bile secretion, Vitamin D synthesis

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39
Q

What type of digestion occurs in large intestine?

A

Mechanical - peristalsis, haustral churning, Gastro-ileal reflex, Gastro-colic reflex(mid transverse colon)

Chemical - no enzymes, large amounts of bacteria

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40
Q

Does protein catabolism occur daily?

A

True

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41
Q

Four stages of glucose catabolism

A

Glycolysis, Formation of Acetyl Conenzyme A, Kreb Cycle, Electron Transport Chain

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42
Q

Formula for Net ATP Production

A
43
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

1 glucose converted into 2 pyruvic acid

44
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Formation of glucose from proteins or fats

45
Q

Three sources of energy in the body

A

Carbs, fats, proteins

46
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Sum of all chemical reactions in the body, catabolic and anabolic

47
Q

Bulimia

A

A disorder that typically aff ects young, single, middle-class white females,
characterized by overeating at least twice a week followed by purging by selfinduced
vomiting, strict dieting or fasting, vigorous exercise, or use of laxatives
or diuretics; it occurs in response to fears of being overweight or to stress,
depression, and physiological disorders such as hypothalamic tumors.

48
Q

Colostomy

A

The diversion of
feces through an opening in the colon, creating a surgical “stoma” (artificial
opening) that is made in the exterior of the abdominal wall. This opening
serves as a substitute anus through which feces are eliminated into a
bag worn on the abdomen.

49
Q

Hepatitis

A

Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses,
drugs, and chemicals, including alcohol.

50
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder

51
Q

Diverticulitis

A

the infection or inflammation of pouches that can form in your intestines

52
Q

Achalasia

A

condition
caused by malfunction of the myenteric plexus in which the lower esophageal
sphincter fails to relax normally as food approaches. A whole meal
may become lodged in the esophagus and enter the stomach very slowly.
Distension of the esophagus results in chest pain that is oft en confused
with pain originating from the heart.

LES too tight, projectile vomiting

53
Q

Flatus

A

Air (gas) in the stomach or intestine, usually expelled
through the anus. If the gas is expelled through the mouth, it is called eructation
or belching (burping). Flatus may result from gas released during
the breakdown of foods in the stomach or from swallowing air or gascontaining
substances such as carbonated drinks.

54
Q

Dental caries

A

or tooth decay, involves a gradual demineralization
(soft ening) of the enamel and dentin. If untreated, microorganisms
may invade the pulp, causing inflammation and infection, with subsequent
death of the pulp and abscess of the alveolar bone surrounding
the root’s apex, requiring root canal therapy

55
Q

Lactose intolerance

A

the absorptive cells of the small intestine fail to produce
enough lactase, which, as you just learned, is essential for the digestion
of lactose. This results in a condition called lactose intolerance, in which
undigested lactose in chyme causes fluid to be retained in the feces; bacterial
fermentation of the undigested lactose results in the production of gases.

56
Q

Eight functions of urinary system

A

Regulate blood ionic composition
Regulate blood pH
Regulate blood volume
Regulate blood pressure
Regulate blood osmolarity
Secrete hormones
Removal of toxins, excess, hormones, drugs

57
Q

Special gross anatomy features of kidneys

A

Retroperitoneal
Right kidney slightly lower
T12-L3
Size 2-3 inches wide, 4-5 inches height, 1 inch depth
Deep to superficial
Renal Capsule, Adipose Capsule, Renal Fascia(holds kidney)

58
Q

Renal corpscle structure

A

1 of 2 parts of the nephron
Glomerulus, glomerular(Bowman) capsule, fenestrated endothelium, basal lamina(large proteins), podocytes(medium sized proteins)

59
Q

Functional unit of the kidneys

A

Nephron

60
Q

How do cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons differ

A

Length of loop, cortical shallower/shorter than juxtamedullary

61
Q

Which substances DO NOT enter into the filtrate?

A

RBC, WBC, Platelets, Large and medium proteins

62
Q

What anatomical feature creates the unusual capillary blood pressure in the glomerulus?

A

Efferent arteriole is smaller in diameter than the afferent arteriole

63
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

Movement of fluid and dissolved substances through a filtration membrane by pressure

64
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

Movement of water and solutes from the filtrate in the tubules into the blood in the peritubular cappilaries or vasa recta

65
Q

Tubular Secretion

A

Opposite of tubular reabsorption, movement of solutes from blood into the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta into the filtrate in the tubules, removes materials from body and controls blood pH

66
Q

Approximately how much filtrate(%) is reabsorbed from tubules

A

99%

67
Q

The specific gravity of urine is compared to what other liquid?

A

Distilled water

68
Q

ADH affects what cells in which part of the tubules?

A

Anti diuretic hormone affects principle cells in the distal convoluted tubules and the collecting ducts

69
Q

Order of tubules the filtrate must travel to go from capsular space to ureters

A

Capsular space
Loop of Henle(Loop of Nephron)
Distal convoluted tubules
Collecting ducts
Papillary ducts(Now urine)
Minor calyces(8-18)
Major calyces(2-3)
Renal pelvis(Kidney stones)
Ureters

70
Q

Factors that will have an effect on kidney function

A

BP, Hydration, Salt, sugar, perspiration, respiration, medications, alcohol

71
Q

What is the chief organic constituent of urine?

A

Urea

72
Q

What would the presence of albumin in the urine indicate?

A

Albumin, large plasma protein would indicate dysfunction of basal lamina and glomerulus

73
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the lining of the bladder?

A

Transitional epithelium

74
Q

Which muscles are involved in emptying the urinary bladder?

A

Detrusor muscles lining bladder wall(smooth), internal urethral sphincter(smooth), external urethral sphincter(skeletal)

75
Q

What significance are ketones in the urine?

A

Burning fats or proteins produce ketones

76
Q

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure GBHP

A

Pressure created due to efferent arteriole being smaller in diameter than the afferent arteriole

77
Q

Capsular hydrostatic pressure CHP

A

pressure created by the filtrate pressing against the capsule wall

78
Q

Blood colloidal osmotic pressure BCOP

A

Pressure due to the presence of proteins(albumin, globulins, fibrinogen) in blood plasma but not the filtrate

79
Q

Renin function and origin

A

Produced by juxtamedullary apparatus in response to low net filtration pressure, converts inactive angiotensinogen to active angiotensin I

80
Q

Aldosterone function and origin

A

Secreted by adrenal cortex, increase reabsorption of sodium by principle cells in the distal convoluted tubes and collecting ducts increasing blood volume

81
Q

Angiotensinogen function and origin

A

inactive protein made by liver until contacted by Renin

82
Q

When and how Atrial Natriuretic Peptide functions

A

Made by heart in response to hypertension created by high blood volume to lower BP, causes cells to secrete sodium

83
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory Smell(sensory)

84
Q

CN II

A

Optic (Sensory) Vision

85
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor (mixed, primarily motor)
Motor: Movement of eyelid and eyeball, accommodation of lens for near vision, constriction of pupil
Sensory: muscle sense (proprioception)

86
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear (mixed, primarily motor)
Motor: Movement of eyeball
Sensory: muscle sense

87
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal
Ophthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular Branches
Motor: Chewing
Sensory: Touch, pain, temperature from structures supplied, muscle sense

88
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens (mixed, primarily motor)
Motor: movement of eye ball
Sensory: muscle sense

89
Q

CN VII

A

Facial (mixed)
Motor: facial expression and secretion of saliva and tears
Sensory: taste, muscle sense

90
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear (sensory)
Vestibular branch: conveys impulses associated withdraw with equilibrium
Cochlear branch: conveys impulses associated with hearing

91
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal (mixed)
Motor: swelling movements and secretion of saliva
Sensory: Taste and regulation of blood pressure, muscle sense

92
Q

CN X

A

Vagus (mixed)
Motor: Visceral muscle movement and swallowing movements
Sensory: Sensations from organ supplied, muscle sense

93
Q

CN XI

A

Accessory (mixed, primarily motor)
Motor: bulbar portion mediates swallowing movements, spinal portion mediates movement of head
Sensory: muscle sense(proprioception)

94
Q

Muscle sense

A

proprioception

95
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal (mixed, primarily motor)
Motor: Movement of tongue during speech and swallowing
Sensory: muscle sense

96
Q

Trigeminal Neuralgia

A

Chronic pain condition affecting Trigeminal(V) nerve in face, electric shock

97
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to recognize the significant of sensory stimulus such as sounds, sights, smells, tastes, and touch

98
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Disease causing progressive destruction of myelin sheaths surrounding the neurons in the CNS

99
Q

Parasthesia

A

Burning or prickling sensation felt in extremities

100
Q

Neuralgia

A

Attacks of pain along the entire course or branch of a sensory nerve

101
Q

Sciatica

A

Pain from pressure on sciatic nerve, typically runs down posterior aspect of lower extremities from herniated disc or bone spur

102
Q

Nerve block

A

Loss of sensation in a region due to an injected anesthetic

103
Q

Cranial nerves involved in eye movement IMPORTANT

A

3,4,6

104
Q

Cranial nerves only involved in sensory

A

1,2,8

A&P2 (3 decks)

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