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Midterm 504 > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A
  • above the basement membrane
  • doesnt hematogeneous spread, or lymphatic spread
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2
Q

Modification of tissue or organ from injury or disease, often resulting in impairment of normal function

A

Lesion

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3
Q

A swelling caused by an abnormal growth of tissue

A

Tumor/Mass/Lump/nodule/Polyp

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4
Q

Malignant neoplasm

A

Cancer

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5
Q

A branch of medicine that deals with the study, treatment, diagnosis and prevention of cancer

A

Oncology

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6
Q

True or False: Not all growths are neoplasms

A

True

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7
Q

Choristoma: misplaced normal tissues in abnormal location
Hamartoma: A benign disorganized growth of cells and tissues normally found in the area
What type of growth am I?

A

Malformation

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8
Q

Keloid

A

Excessive healing

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9
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

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10
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number, in response to a stimulus, physiological or pathological, mediated by hormones or growth factors

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11
Q

process in which one type of adult tissue is replaced by another type of adult tissue

A

Metaplasia

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12
Q

Is a tumor always neoplastic

A

No

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13
Q

Examples of hyperplasia

A

Endometrial hyperplasia
Prostatic hyperplasia
Pregnancy and female breast

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14
Q

Hyperplasia differs from neoplasia? (5 points)

A

1- cells look normal (phenotypically)
2- Organ is enlarged
3- Hyperplasia ends when the stimulus ends
4- Reversible
5- may be a precursor of neoplasia

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15
Q

Metaplasia

A

replacement of one type of normal adult cell/tissue with another type

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16
Q

True of False: when theres inflammation, the glandular side of the epithelium is irritated

A

True

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17
Q

When theres metaplasia… its more or less cellular?

A

less cellular

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18
Q

In a breast carcinoma, the purpose of staining for ER, PR, or Her2/Neu is

A

Determines treatment and prognosis.

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19
Q

A malignant neoplasm derived from smooth muscle is termed

A

Leiomyosarcoma

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20
Q

Which of the following is true regarding differentiation?
1. Defined as how closely the neoplastic cells resemble the normal counterparts, morphologically and functionally.
2. Large undifferentiated primary tumors are less likely to give rise to metastasis.
3. Poor differentiation is usually a low grade.
4. A well differentiated tumor is associated with worse prognosis.

A

1

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21
Q

True of false: theres Squamous metaplasia in bronchial epithelium or endocervix

A

True

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22
Q

we refer as Glandular for metaplasia in…

A

Intestinal metaplasia
Intestinal in GE

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23
Q

Is metaplasia neoplastic ?

A

No, but prine to malignant transformation

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24
Q

Whats a Neoplasm

A

Accumulaiton of genetic changes… growth of cells and stroma
- A genetic disorder of cell growth

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25
Q

What are neoplasm characterized by

A

Excessive and unceasing proliferation of cells,

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26
Q

If a tumor is neoplastic, what do we ask

A

benign or malignant?
Invades and destroys adjacent cells?
Spreads to distant cells?

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27
Q

What is differentiation

A

How closely resemble the normal counterpart, morphologically and functionnally

28
Q

Whats anaplasia

A

Lack of differentiation
You cant recognize the tissue

29
Q

When its differentiated, is it benign or malignant

A

benign

30
Q

When its undifferentiated, is it malignant or benign

A

malignant

31
Q

Whats a variation in cell size and shape

A

pleomorphism

32
Q

Describe an abnormal nuclear morphology

A
  • dark, irregular nucleoli, clumped chromatin, increase in number of cell ratio, increase of mitosis and atypical form, Loss of polarity, disorganized
33
Q

Benign tumors ressemble normal tissues = so is it differentiated?

A

yes

34
Q

Whats dysplasia

A

Disordered growth - pre-malignant
Partially involved in epithelium
May be a precursor to malignant transformation but not always progress to cancer = reversible

35
Q

Is dysplasia reversible

A

yes

36
Q

Carcinoma in situ is a form of dyplasia?

A

Yes, its severe dysplasia involving thickness of epithelium

Has malignancy

Has not yet invaded through the basement membrane (pre-invasive, pre-cancerous, pre-maligant)

If untreated, high probability of cancer

37
Q

Whats the difference between carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma

A

carcinoma in situ - didnt spread from the basement layer

invasive carcinoma - breaks the basement layer

38
Q

Genetic changes leading to more premalignant condition is called…

A

Adenoma

39
Q

Define Metastases

A

Way of spread

40
Q

What are the two way of metastases

A

Lymphatic spread = through lymphatic vessels, most common carcinoma

Hemategeneous spread = through blood vessels

41
Q

Characteristic ; benign so differentiated or poorly diff?

A

Well differentiated

42
Q

Characteristic : Differentiation/analplasia
Malignant: ??

A

Lacks differentiation (anaplasia)

43
Q

Rate of growth in benign vs Malignant…

A

progressive and slow VS can be rapid and mitotic figure are numerous

44
Q

Local invasion in Benign

A

Does not invade surrounding normal tissue

45
Q

Local invasion in malignant

A

Locally invasive with surrounding tissues

46
Q

How do we classify neoplasms

A

organ
Origin of cell
Benign vs Malignant
Histological type

47
Q

Metastasis in benign VS malignant

A

benign: absent
Malignant: Frequent

48
Q

Carcinoma is from wich origin

A

Epithelial

49
Q

Sarcoma is from which origin

A

Mesenchymal (bone)

50
Q

BRAF mutation causes diverse tumor types, but why is Target therapy important in this case

A

Because the responses are different to the treatment for each cancer, so if we use targeted therapy, we become specific to the type //

51
Q

Whats Cachexia

A

muscle loss due to loss of appetite, loss of adipocytes

52
Q

What are paraneoplastic syndromes

A

rare disorders that occur in some cancer patients, caused by substances produced by tumors or immune responses against cancer cells.
-Discolouration of the skiin
-Big finger tips

53
Q

What are macroscopic findings of neoplasms

A

-mass, swelling
-cricumscribed, often white or pale, bleeding, invade, damage surrounding tissues

54
Q

Cytologic methods: pap smear, urines etc.

A

Rapid and less invasive

55
Q

Biopsy/histopathology

A

taking tissues

56
Q

Frozen section

A

Rapid diagnosis
Frozen in cryostat and determines the nature of the lesions, decides is additional studies are required,

57
Q

Immunohistochemistry

A

looking at protein expression in cells

58
Q

Flow cytometry

A

For leukemia, look at cells in suspension

59
Q

How do we use biomarkers in tissues

A

We use all of them and see what the tissue expresses

60
Q

What are the two parameters to determine how well or poorly a patient with cancer will do

A

Staging = how extend tumor spread
Grading = degree of differentiation

61
Q

Grading

A

How closely the neoplastic cells resemble to the normal counterparts
Low grade = grade 1 = Well differentiated = Closes to resemblance to parent tissue = better prognosis

62
Q

Grading is done by…

A

light microscopy based on cytology and histology

63
Q

If theres more gland … is it well differentiated or poorly?

A

well differentiated, so its good

64
Q

When you have more mitosis … is it well differentiaed or poorly?

A

Poorly = aggressive tumor

65
Q

What does staging mean…of malignant neoplasms

A

Extent of malignant neoplasm = greater clinical value than grading

Midterm 504 (5 decks)

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