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Gastrointestinal > Alimentary Canal Pt.2 > Flashcards

Alimentary Canal Pt.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the principle dietary constituents

A

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Water

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2
Q

Which nutrients are macromolecules

A

Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates

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3
Q

Why do we store nutrients as macromolecules instead of as monomers

A

More monomers creates a higher osmotic pressure than a single macromolecules
Controls breakdown

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4
Q

What are different chains of carbohydrates called and how many are in the chain

A

Monosaccharides - 1 molecule
Disaccharides - 2 molecules
Oligosaccharides - 3-9 molecules
Polysaccarides - 10+ molecules

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5
Q

What are the three main hexoses monosaccharides and are they aldoses or ketoses

A

Glucose - aldoses
Galactose - aldoses
Fructose - ketoses

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6
Q

Are simple sugars chains or cyclical in shape

A

Cyclical - Carbon 1 joins to carbon 5

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7
Q

In hexoses what does alpha or beta mean

A

Alpha - OH are on the same side
Beta - OH are on opposite sides

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8
Q

What are the different forms of glucose

A

Alpha-D-glucose
Alpha-L-glucose
Beta-D-glucose
Beta-L-glucose

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9
Q

What is the most common form of glucose

A

Beta-D-glucose

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10
Q

What are the three main disaccharides called and what are they formed from

A

Glucose + glucose = maltose
Glucose + galactose = lactose
Glucose + fructose = sucrose

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11
Q

what bonds form between monosaccharides to make a chain

A

Glycosidic bonds

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12
Q

Which enzymes break down maltose, sucrose and lactose

A

Maltase
Sucrase
Lactase

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13
Q

People with lactose intolerance don’t have which chemical in their GIT

A

Lactase
sugar is instead fermented by bacterial and form acids and gases causing irritation

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14
Q

Name 3 polysaccharides and if they are branched

A

Glycogen - highly branched
Starch - moderately branched
Cellulose - unbranched

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15
Q

Are cellulose and starch beta or alpha bonded

A

Cellulose - Beta
Starch - Alpha

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16
Q

Why cant human or any other mammals breakdown cellulose

A

Amylase doesn’t breakdown beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds
Cellulose is instead considered dietary fibre (bulks up faeces)

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17
Q

Which enzyme breaks down starch and where can it be found

A

Amylase
Pancreas and salivary glands

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18
Q

Where on the cell are the apical and basolateral membranes found on epithelial cells

A

Apical membranes can be found on the top (by the lumen)
Basolateral membranes can be found on the bottom of the cell

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19
Q

Where are tight junctions found in the intestines

A

Between epithelial cells

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20
Q

What types of transport across the membrane are there and what type of transport is it

A

Paracellular (between the cells) - passive diffusion
Transcellular (passes through membranes without transporter) - passive or active
Vectoral (carrier required to cross each membrane and requires nucleus in cell - active

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21
Q

Is a gradient requires for glucose and galactose to pass though the membrane
What makesthe gradient

A

Yes
ATPase

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22
Q

What transporter brings Na and Glucose across the apical membrane

A

SGLT1

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23
Q

What transporter moves glucose from the cell in to the blood

A

GLUT2

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24
Q

What GLUT transporters are there and where are they found

A

GLUT1 - blood cells and blood brain barrier
GLUT2 - liver, pancreas, intestines and kidney
GLUT3 - brain
GLUT4 - adipose tissue and skeletal muscle (insulin dependant)
GLUT5 - sperm (transports fructose)

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25
Q

Does SGLT1 transport aldoses or ketoses

A

Aldoses - glucose and galactose

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26
Q

Is a gradient requires for fructose to pass though the membrane
What is it called

A

No

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27
Q

Which transporter moves fructose into the cell

A

GLUT5

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28
Q

What allows fructose to leave the cell

A

GLUT2

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29
Q

Which of the 3 simple sugars can help with rehydration

A

Glucose and galactose

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30
Q

Proteins are made up of which monomer

A

Amino acids

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31
Q

What bond joins amino acids together
What is the process called

A

Peptide bonds
Condensation

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32
Q

Which enzyme breaks down proteins

A

Proteases

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33
Q

Difference between endo and exo peptidases

A

Endo - breaks up with in molecule
Exo - breaks up from the edges

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34
Q

Are aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidases exo or endo peptidases

A

Exopeptidases

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35
Q

Single amino acid transport makes up what percentage of protein transport

A

30%

36
Q

What creates a Na gradient for amino acid transportation

A

ATPase

37
Q

Which molecule transports Na and a single amino acid across the apical membrane

A

SAAT1

38
Q

What pulls Na into the cell while expelling H ions and creating a H ion gradient

A

NHE3

39
Q

Which transporter bring H ions and dipeptides into the cell

A

PepT1

40
Q

Dipeptide transport makes up what percentage of protein transport

A

70%

41
Q

What can cross the apical membrane via PepT1

A

Dipeptides
antibiotics
penicillin

42
Q

What form are most fats in

A

triacylglycerol

43
Q

Draw the structure of glycerol and triacylglycerols

A

Check google for the answers

44
Q

which enzyme breaks down fats

A

Lipase

45
Q

Are fats hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophobic

46
Q

Is lipase hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

Hydrophilic

47
Q

Is fat degradation fast or slow
Why

A

Slow
Fats are hydrophobic and lipase is hydrophilic so they don’t mix
Without emulsifiers degradation can only take place on the surface of the droplet

48
Q

Where does fat digestion take place

A

Small intestines

49
Q

Where is lipase produced

A

Pancreas

50
Q

Triacylglycerol + lipase –>

A

Monoglyceride + 2 fatty acids

51
Q

Where is bile synthesised

A

Liver - hepatocytes

52
Q

What are biles salts function

A

Emulsifier/surfactant - amphipathic molecule

53
Q

How do emulsifiers benefit lipase

A

Increases surface area for the lipase to act on

54
Q

What factors are required for emulsifaction

A

Mechanical disruption
Emulsifying agent

55
Q

What are tiny emulsions droplets also know as

A

Micelles

56
Q

What is in a micelle drop

A

Bile salts
Monoglycerides
Fatty acids
Phospholipids

57
Q

Once broken down to fatty acids and monoglyceride (hydrophobic) where do the molecules go

A

Can diffuse through the cell membrane

58
Q

In the epithelium cell where do fatty acids and monoglycerides move to
Why

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
To make triacylglycerol

59
Q

If a molecule is transported out of the cell by a vesicle is it exocytosis or endocytosis

A

Exocytosis

60
Q

If a molecule is transported into othe cell is it exocytosis or endocytosis

A

Endocytosis

61
Q

In the cell where does the triacylglycerol go before being transported out of the cell

A

Golgi apparatus

62
Q

Once triacylglycerol leaves the cell what is it called

A

Chylomicron

63
Q

Where do chylomicrons get absorbed

A

Lacteal

64
Q

Where do lacteals take the chylomicrons

A

Lymphatic system

65
Q

What do chylomicrons contain

A

Triacylglycerol
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Vitamins

66
Q

What are the two classes of vitamins

A

Water soluble
Fat soluble

67
Q

Name the fat soluble vitamins and how the enter the body

A

A D E K
Through lacteals in chylomicrons

68
Q

Name water soluble vitamins and how they enter the body

A

B C Folic acid
Passive diffusion or carrier mediated transport

69
Q

What is produced in the stomach and binds to B12
What is produced

A

Intrinsic factors
Complex

70
Q

Vit B12 complex is absorbed where in the GIT

A

Distal ileum

71
Q

What does Vit B12 deficiency cause

A

Pernicious anemia

72
Q

How long can symptoms of pernicious anaemia take to show
Why

A

3 years
Lots of Vit B12 stored

73
Q

What is pernicious anaemia/symptoms of pernicious anaemia

A

Failure of red blood cell maturation
Effect on neurons

74
Q

Is vit B12 hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

Hydrophilic (highly charged)

75
Q

Where is Vit B12 stored

A

Liver and other tissues

76
Q

How do we administer Vit B12 in cases of deficiency

A

Intramuscular injection
Unable to absorb Vit B12 through the gut

77
Q

How much of ingested iron we consume do we absorb into our body

A

10%

78
Q

Where is iron absorbed

A

Intestines - brush border - into duodenal enterocytes

79
Q

Which transporter carries iron into the body

A

DMT1

80
Q

Iron ions are incorporated into ferritin
What is ferritin

A

Protein iron complex - intracellular iron store

81
Q

What iron crosses into the blood

A

Unbound iron

82
Q

In blood where does iron bind to

A

transferrritin

83
Q

What is hyperaemia and how does the body fix it

A

Increased iron in blood
More iron binds to enterocytes

84
Q

What is anaemia and how does the body fix it

A

Decreased iron in the blood
More iron released into the blood

85
Q

Is ferric divalent (+2) or trivalent (+3)

A

Trivalent

86
Q

How is ferric (+3) reduced to ferrous

A

DCytb

87
Q

Why must iron be reduced to ferrous (+2)

A

DMT1 transporter only carries divalent molecules

Gastrointestinal (3 decks)

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