Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy class > Unit 10:swallowing > Flashcards

Unit 10:swallowing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three different regions of the pharnyx?

A

The nasopharnyx
The oropharnx
The larynopharnyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the different categories of muscles found in the pharynx?

A

The constrictor muscles
The longitudinal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three constrictor muscles found in the pharynx?

A

The superior constrictor
The middle constrictor
The inferior constrictor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the common posterior attachments for all the constrictor muscles in the pharynx?

A

The pharyngeal raphe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the innervation of constrictor muscles of the pharnyx?

A

The vagus nerve (CNX)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the common functionn of the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

A

Constrict the pharynx - help proper bolus towards the oesophagus through peristaltic movement
Aided by circular fiber direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three different langitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

A

Stylopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the common insertion of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

A

The pharangeal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the innervation of the stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

The glassopharyngeal nerve (CN9)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the innervation of the salpingopharyngeus muscle?

A

The vagus nerve (CNX)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the innervation of the palatopharnygeus muscle?

A

The vagus nerve (CNX)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the common function of the longitudinal pharnygeal muscles?

A

Elevate the pharynx
Widen and shorten the oesophagus
Due to vertical fibre direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the additional function of the palatopharngeus muscle?

A

Closure of the oropharnygeal isthmus
Brings the pharynx anteriorlyy towards the soft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the main sensory innervation to the pharnyx?

A

The glassopharnygeal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the additional contributes to the pharnyx sensory innervation?

A

Superior and anterior Nasopharnyx may have contribution from the CNV2
Inferior laryngopharynx may have contribution from the vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of the gag reflex?

A

In real life - help prevent choking
In medical school - helps test the functioning of CN9 (glassopharnygeal - detects sensation) and CN10 (vagus nerve - activates the reflex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How can the inferior constrictor be seperated into different parts?

A

The thyropharyngeal - oblique fibres to thyroid cartilage
The cricophrayngeus - horizontal fibres to the cricoid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Killian’s Dehiscence?

A

Point of weakness in the inferior constrictor of the pharynx
No muscle fibres in this area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is pharnygeal diverticulum?

A

Also called zenkers diverticulum
Originates from area of weakness in the killian dehiscence
Budling of pharnyx through the space, where food may accumulate during swallowing
Occurs when the thyropharngeus contraction and cricopharangeus relaxation does not occur in sync during swallowing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some symptoms of pharyngeal diverticulum?

A

Regurgitation
Cough
Infection
bad breath - hallotis
Dysphagia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What three structures does the pharynx open into?

A

The larynx
The nasal cavity
The oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx?

A

base of the skull to the soft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the boundaries of the oropharnynx?

A

The uvula to tip of the epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx?

A

The epiglottis to the oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the five muscles of the soft palate?

A

The tensor veli palatini
The levator veli palatini
The musculus Uvulae
Palatopharnygeus
Palatoglossus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What strucutre seperates the buccinator muscle and the superior constrictor pharnygeal muscle?

A

pterygoidmandibular raphe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the function of the tensor veli palatini?

A

Forms an aponeurosis for attachement of other soft palate muscles
Tenses the palate which must be done in order for the palate to move anteriorly
Opens auditory tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the function of levaotr veli palatini?

A

Elevates and retracts the soft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the function of the musculus uvulae?

A

Elevates and retracts the ulvula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the common area of attachement for the soft palate muscles?

A

Palatine aponeurosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the function of the palatopharyngeus?

A

Elevate the pharnyx
May also pull in an anterior and medial direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the function of the platoglossus muscle?

A

Elevate and retract the tongue - bring palatoglossus arches together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Why are the palatoglossus and the palatapharngeal muscle important clinically?

A

Mucosa surrounds these muscles
Creates a palatoglossus arch anteriorly and a platopharnygeal arch posteriorly
Between these two arches the palatine tonsil can be identified in the oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What structure can be seen in the throat posterior to the palatopharngeal arch?

A

The oropharnyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Draw a diagram to show the location of the uvula, palatin tonsils, oropharynx, palatopharngyeal arch and the palatoglossal arch in the oral cavity.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is shown in the image?
How can you tell?

A

Tonsilitis
Enlarged
White present - indicates pus associated with a bacteria infection
Results in red and enlarged tonsils, sore thorat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is waladeyers ring of lymphoid tissue?

A

The ring of tonsils (all lymphoid tissue)
Includes the adenoids (pharangeal tonsils) at the back of the nasal cavity
The palatine tonsils in the oral cavity
The lingual tonsil in the root of the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How does uvular deviation relate to anatomy?

A

Indicates one of the musculus uvulae is not working
Uvula will deviate towards the functional side that is able to contract (r)
Other side of mouth is the muscle that is not functioning (L)
The contralteral side of the brain will be damaged (R)
Indicates a problem with the vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the different wats to test the vagus nerve function?

A

Gag reflex
Speech (larynx)
Uvula deviation
As provides motor innervation to the soft palate, pharynx and larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What nerves are responsible for the gag reflex?

A

Sensory - glossopharyngeal to oropharynx
Motor efferent of the vagus to pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the four suprahyoid muscles?

A

Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Mylohyoid
Digastric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the stylohyoid muscle?

A

Originates at the syloid process and inserts at the hyoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the geniohyoid bone?

A

Originates at the genoid mass (inferior mental spine )and inserts at the hyoid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the mylohyoid bone?

A

Originates at the myloid line of the mandible, inserts onto the myloid raphe and the hyoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the digastric muscle?

A

Consists of two bellys
Posterior bellys spans between the mastoid process and the hyoid bone
Anterior belly spans between the hyoid bone and the digastric fossa on the mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the innervation of the stylohyoid muscle?

A

Facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the innervation of the mylohyoid muscle?

A

Trigeminal nerve

48
Q

What is the innervation of the geniohyoid muscle?

A

C1 via hypoglossal

49
Q

What is the innervation of the digastric muscle?

A

Anterior belly -trigeminal nerve V3
Posterior belly - facial nerve

50
Q

What is the action of the stylohyoid muscle?

A

Elevate and retract the hyoid bone

51
Q

What is the function of the mylohyoid muscle?

A

Protract and elevate the hyoid

52
Q

What is the function of the digastric muscle?

A

Posterior belly - elevate and retract the hyoid
Anterior belly - elevate and protract the hyoid

When the hyoid is fixed the anterior belly may help to depress the mandible

53
Q

Identify the epiglottis
What is its function?

A

9
Flatten when swallowing to prevent food passing down into the trachea

54
Q

Identify the hard palate

A

13

55
Q

Identify the hyoid bone

A

14

56
Q

Identify the inlet of the larynx

A

15

57
Q

Identify the mandible

A

20

58
Q

Identify the nasal septum?

A

25
Cartilageenous and bony structure found in the idline of the nose that separates the left and right nostril

59
Q

Identify the nasopharnyx

A

26

60
Q

Indentify the opening of the auditory tube

A

27

61
Q

What is structure 29?

A

Oropharnyx

62
Q

What is strucutre 30?

A

Pharangeal tonsils (adenoids)

63
Q

What is structure 34?

A

Soft palate

64
Q

What is structure 42?

A

Vallecula
Depression at the base of the tongue, can trap saliva nad substances to inhibit the swallowing reflex

65
Q

What close anatomical relationships are useful to remember when imaging the oesophagus?

A

Anterior - trachea
Posterior - vertebrae

66
Q

What structure differentiates the oesophagus from the pharynx?

A

Circipharyngeus

67
Q

What are the different sections of the oesophagus?

A

Cricopharyngesu to sternal notch - cervical
Sternal notch to diaphragmatic hiatus T10 - thoracic
Below the diaphragm till gastroesophageal junction at T11 - abdominal

68
Q

What is the joureny of the oesophagus in the thorax?

A

Posterior and slightly to the left of the trachea
Posterior to the heart
Slight deviation to the left at dome of diaphragm where passes through the hiatus at T10

69
Q

What is the main imaging method used for the oesophagus?

A

Barium meal on x-ray (contrast shows oesopagus, when asked to swallow food or water mixed with barium)

70
Q

What features can be identified on this x-ray of the oesophagus?

A

-Orange - Valecculae - depression at base of tongue before the epiglottis
Blue - Piriform sinuses - depression aid speech production in the larynopharnyx
Green - cricoid

71
Q

What is the narrowed structure at the bottom of the oesophagus?

A

Gastrooesophageal junction

72
Q

What are the features of BArrets Oesophagus on a barium meal?

A

Faint white lines are reticular mucosal changes
Narrowing of the OJ

73
Q

What is shown in the below image on the left ?

A

Barrets Oesophagus - narrowed oesophagus

74
Q

What is shown on the image below on the right?

A

Oesophageal carcinoma

75
Q

Are these normal or pathological images of the Lower oesophageal junction?

A

Normal
A - closed
B - open with some movement of liquid

76
Q

What are the features of the Oesophagus on the image?

A

Red angry mucosa
Barrets Oesophagus

77
Q

What are the features of the oesophagus on this image?

A

Oesophageal cancer

78
Q

What are the stages of swallowing?

A

Oral
Oropharangngeal
Oesophageal

79
Q

What is the medical term for swallowing?

A

Deglutition

80
Q

What is part of the oral phase of swallowing?

A

Is under voluntary control - cortical areas such as motor control centre
Food is chewed mixed with saliva
Tongue pushes food up to the hard palate and backwards towards the pharynx
The hyoid bone is elevated and moves anteriorly to make room for the passage of bolus.

81
Q

What is part of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

A

Tactile receptors in the oral pharynx are stimulated by bolus
The swallow reflex is initiated under involuntary neurmuscular control.
TOngue blocks oral cavity
Elevated Soft palate blocks the nasopharynx
Vocal folds and epiglottis closes and larynx is pulled superior to block passage to the trachea
UES opens to allow passage into the oesophagus

82
Q

What are the stages of the oesophageal swallowing?

A

Food bolus is moved down the oesophagus by peristalsis
Larynx moves to inferiroly back to the original position

83
Q

What are the clinically important features of the nasopharynx?

A

Conchae - turbulent air flow, helps humidfyt and eliminate large particles
Adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils) - immune response
Pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube - help stabilise pressure between the middle ear and ambient atmosphere

84
Q

What is ottitis media?

A

Inflammation of the middle ear that has spread from the nasal cavity by the pharnygeal opening of the auditory tube
More common in children as tube is horter and more horizontal
Results in fever and ear pain

85
Q

What is the clinical importance of the adenoids?

A

Epsteem bar virus, streptoccus
Leads to acute adenoiditis
Causing fever, nasal airway obstruction and rhinorrhae

86
Q

What is pharyngitis?

A

Most common in children - inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa
Sore throat and redness of pharyngeal walls
Fever and cough are less common

Streptoccal pharyngitis can be caused by Group A strep (risk of kidney and heart disease), causes puss on the tonsils

87
Q

What is the laryngeal inlet?

A

Communcation between larynx and larynopharynx

88
Q

What is epiglottitis?

A

Inflammation of epiglottis
Commonly caused by Haemophiluus influenza type 8
Causes obstruction of the airway
Commonly affects children
Fever, drooling, difficulty swallowing, stridor, cyanosis
May require intubation

89
Q

What is the clinical importance of the piriform fossa?

A

Depressions just above the larynx
Small bones can become lodged
Causes pain, chocking or gagging.

90
Q

What provides sensory innervation to the pharynx?

A

Naso: CNV2
Oro: CN9
Laryn :CN10

91
Q

What provides innervation to the larynx?

A

Vagus nerve provides sensory and motor innervation.

92
Q

What provides motor innervation the pharynx?

A

Vagus nerve (all expcet the stylopharnygeus which is innervated by the glassopharnygeal nerve)

93
Q

How large is the pharynx?

A

From the base of the skull to C6

94
Q

What are the five muscles of the soft palate shown in the image?

A

Tensor veli palatinit
Levator veli palatini
Musculus uvulae
Palatopharyngesus
Palatoglossues

95
Q

What muscle groups contribute to the movement of the hyoid bone?

A

The suprahyoid - elevate
The infrahyoid - depress

96
Q

What are the different sections of the hyoid bone?

A

Body of the hyoid
Lesser horn
Greater horn

97
Q

What level is the hyoid bone found?

A

C3

98
Q

Describe how the movement of the hyoid and the larynx are related?

A

Hyoid and the thyroid cartilage and epiglottis
Connected by membranes

99
Q

What structures is the hyoid bone attached to?

A

Tongue
Mandible
Thyroid cartilage
Epiglottis

100
Q

Describe how the airways are closed during swallowing?

A

Epiglottis moves down over laryngeal inlet
Larynx moves upwards and forwards
Cricopharnygeal sphincter relxes and oesophagus opens temporarily
Vocal cord close halting breathing

101
Q

Identify the muscle

A

Músculos uvulae

102
Q

Identify the muscle

A

Palatopharnygeus

103
Q

Identify the muscle

A

Palatoglossus

104
Q

Identify the muscle

A

Levator veli palatini

105
Q

Identify the muscle shown

A

Tensor veli palatini

106
Q

Identify the muscle shown

A

Posterior belly of digastric muscle

107
Q

What are the different features of the hyoid bone

A

Blue body
Green lesser horn
Pink greater horn

108
Q

Identify the muscle shown

A

Anterior belly of digastric

109
Q

Identify the muscle shown

A

Stylohyoid muscle

110
Q

Identify the muscle shown

A

Mylohyoid muscle

111
Q

Identify the muscle shown

A

Geniohyoid muscle

112
Q

Identify the muscle shown

A

Inferior pharyngeal constrictor

113
Q

Identify the muscle shown

A

Middle pharyngeal constrictor

114
Q

Identify the muscle shown

A

Superior pharyngeal constrictor

115
Q

Identify the muscle shown

A

Stylopharnageus

116
Q

Identify the muscle shown

A

Salpingopharngeus muscle

Anatomy class (42 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions