Biology Exam 2

Question 1

The semi fluid matrix that surrounds organelles in a cell is called the
A)ribosome
B)cytoplasm
C)stroma
D)nucleoplasm

Answer 1

Cytoplasm

Question 2

A distinctive feature of eukaryotes is the organization of tightly packaged chromosomal DNA with proteins into a membrane-bound structure called a
A)nucleolus
B)cell
C)nucleus
D)plasma membrane

Answer 2

Nucleus

Question 3

The organelle that can collect, package, modify, and transport molecules is called the
A)mitochondria
B)plasma membrane
C)vesicle
D)Golgi apparatus

Answer 3

Golgi apparatus

Question 4

Many antibiotics selectively kill bacteria and not mammalian cells because they block synthesis of the
A)nucleus
B)cytoskeleton
C)cell wall
D)plasma membrane
E)cytoplasm

Answer 4

Cell wall

Question 5

The evolutionary process that created chloroplasts and mitochondria
A)endosymbiosis
B)evolution
C)symbiosis
D)punctuated equilibrium

Answer 5

Endosymbiosis

Question 6

Microfilaments such as actin, microtubules, and the intermediate filaments form the cell-supporting structure called the
A) cytoplasm
B) plasma membrane
C)cytoskeleton
D) nucleus

Answer 6

Cytoskeleton

Question 7

Integrins are glycoproteins that help link the cytoskeleton and the
A)cell wall
B)extracellular matrix
C)cytoplasm
D) ribosomes

Answer 7

Extracellular matrix

Question 8

Organelles that breakdown hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen are
A)lysosomes
B) plastids
C)vacuoles
D)liposomes
E)peroxisomes

Answer 8

Peroxisomes

Question 9

A circular molecule of DNA devoid ofany histone proteins describes the chromosome of
A) bacteria
B)protozoa
C)insects
D)flowering plants
E)Yeast

Answer 9

Bacteria

Question 10

Who first described cells?
A)Darwin
B)Golgi
C)Linnaeus
D)Hooke
E)Leeuwenhoek

Answer 10

Hooke

Question 11

Schleiden and Schwann stated the “cell theory,” which in its modern form says
A)all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells require oxygen, and all cells arise by division of other cells
B)all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells are the smallest living things, and all cells arise by division of other cells
C)all cells will arise spontaneously, all cells require oxygen, and all cells are composed of one or more cells
D)all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells arise spontaneously, and all cells vary in size and shape

Answer 11

All organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells are the smallest living things, and all cells arise by division of other cells.

Question 12

Antibiotics that block the synthesis of a eel wal would be least likely to affect cells from which organisms?
A)Bacteria
B)Archaea
C)Plants
D)Animals
E)Fungi

Answer 12

Animals

Question 13

If you added a drug to a suspension of bacteria that inhibited their flagella, they would not be able to
A)eat
B)respire
C)reproduce
D)make proteins
E)move

Answer 13

Move

Question 14

Photosynthetic pigments in bacteria are located in the
A)nuclei
B)chloroplasts
C)cell wall
D)plasma membrane
E)plasmids

Answer 14

Plasma membrane

Question 15

If you put plant cells in a hypotonic solution they swell up. The water entering the plant cell will be found primarily in the
A)nucleus
B)chloroplast
C)Golgi body
D)centriole
E)central vacuole

Answer 15

Central Vacuole

Question 16

This cellular structure lacks a membrane.
A)Endoplasmic reticulum
B)Microbody
C)Golgi body
D)Nucleoid
E)Nucleus

Answer 16

Nucleoid

Question 17

As a plant cell grows a new cell wall the secondary wall forms
A)between the primary cell wall and plasma membrane
B)outside of the primary cell wall
C)inside of the plasma membrane
D)in the middle lamella
E)in the cytoplasm

Answer 17

Between the primary cell wall and plasma membrane

Question 18

The cytoplasmic space in eukaryotic cells is occupied by many diverse membrane-bound structures with specific cellular functions called
A) flagella
B)organelles
C)cilia
D)chromosomes
E)receptors

Answer 18

Organelles

Question 19

Ribosomes are made up of
A)only DNA molecules
B)only RNA molecules
C)DNA and RNA
D)only protein molecules
E)protein and RNA

Answer 19

Protein and RNA

Question 20

Cells that produce a lot of lipids for membranes would have an enlarged
A)mitochondrion
B)rough ER
C)smooth ER
D)Golgi body
E)nucleus

Answer 20

Smooth ER

Question 21

In eukaryotes, mitochondria are the organelles primarily involved in
A)energy release/capture
B)phospholipid assembly
C)export of enzymes
D)lipid synthesis
E)protein synthesis

Answer 21

Energy release/capture

Question 22

The major histocompatibility complex is important in a T-cell’s ability to
A)recognize specific bacteria
B)recognize specific viruses
C)recognize self from nonself
D) recognize specific parasites

Answer 22

Recognize self from nonself

Question 23

25.Which of the following does not move through a nuclear pore?
A)RNA
B)Proteins
C)DNA

Answer 23

DNA

Question 24

26)The nucleolus is the site of
A)protein synthesis
B)ribosome assembly
C)chromosome replication
D)lipid synthesis
E)uncoiling and unraveling of chromosomes

Answer 24

Ribosome assembly

Question 25

27) Chromosomes can be condensed into compact structures, visible with the light microscope, but usually only
A)after the cell is dead
B)during cell division
C)while the DNA is being copied into RNA
D)while the proteins are being assembled
E)while the nuclear pores are open

Answer 25

During cell division

Question 26

28)Peroxisomes are examples of
A)chromosomes
B)lysosomes
C)microbodies
D)nucleosomes
E)ribosomes

Answer 26

Microbodies

Question 27

29)Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the other organelles besides the nucleus that contain
A)DNA
B)pores
C)channels
D)plasma membranes
E)pigments

Answer 27

DNA

Question 28

30)The organelle involved in the oxygen-requireing process by which the energy harvested from macromolecules is used to generate ATP is the
A)nucleus
B)lysosome
C)ER
D)mitochondria
E)chloroplasts

Answer 28

Mitochondria

Question 29

31)Cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of
A) microtubules in a 9 + 2 arrangement
B)actin filaments in a 9 + 2 arrangement
C) protein fibers in a helical arrangement
D)nine triplets of microtubules in a circl

Answer 29

Microtubules in a 9 + 2 arrangement

Question 30

32) Chloroplasts contain a green photosynthetic pigment called
A)Gram stain
B)chlorophyll
C)hemoglobin
D)chromatin
E)keratin

Answer 30

Chlorophyll

Question 31

33)The spreading of cancer cells, wound healing, and blood clotting all rely on the same type of cell movement called
A)swimming
B)crawling
C)whipping
D)waving

Answer 31

Crawling

Question 32

34)Pol staina cell with a dye that rents with an engume found in thie lysosome. You would also expect to see this dye in the
A) endoplasmic reticulum
B) cytoplasm
C) nucleus
D) mitochondrion

Answer 32

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 33

35)A cell biologist has developed a new drug that blocks vesicle transport at the cis face of the Golgi apparatus. What will this drug prevent from happening inside a cell?
A)The synthesis of proteins or lipids on the endoplasmic reticulum
B)The movement of the lipids and proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the
C)Golgi apparatus
D)The movement of materials from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane
E)The movement of vesicles from mitochondria to the Golgi apparatus

Answer 33

The movement of the lipids and proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the golgi apparatus.

Question 34

36) Plants, fungi and bacterial all have
A)cell walls
B)chloroplasts
C)nuclei
D)lysosomes
E)mitochondria

Answer 34

Cell walls

Question 35

37)Your research project involves characterizing the expression pattern of a nuclear pore protein. Afer using immunolistochemisty. Wires ent label the protein, you decide that you pould like to capture the data as a 3-D image. Which microscope should you use?
A)Phase-contrast microscope
B)Fluorescence microscope
C)Confocal microscope
D)Scanning electron microscope

Answer 35

Confocal microscope

Question 36

38)Sulfolobus are archaea that are commonly found in geothermal environments, with an oplimum growth temperature of about 80°C. What feature allows archaea to thrive at such temperatures?
A)Archaea use the heat from their environment to produce ATP.
B)Archaea are highly adaptable to changing environmental temperatures.
C)Archaeal membranes contain special lipids.
D) Archaca have two cell walls that helps prevent heat absorption.

Answer 36

Archeal membranes contain special lipids

Question 37

39) You have identified an enzyme that appears to be involved in the addition of palmity! group (a fatty acid) to certain proteins. Knowing that palmitoylated proteins are usually targeted for delivery to the plasma membrane, in which organelles might this enzyme be expressed?
A)Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum
B)Golgi apparatus and nucleus
C)Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes
D)Endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus

Answer 37

Golgi Apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

Question 38

40)Given what is known about the minimal essential functions of cellular life, if you could create an artificial cell, what cellular structures must you include?
A)Cell wall
B)Ribosomes
C)Mitochondria
D)Nucleus

Answer 38

Ribosomes

Question 39

When a vesicle moves along microtubules toward the center of the cell, the molecular motor(s) are used?
A)kinesin
B)dynein
C)both kinesin and dynein
D)molecular motors are not required for movement along microtubules.

Answer 39

Dynein

Question 40

42)During which cellular process do all three forms of RNA associate?
A)Ribosome assembly
B)Chromatin formation
C)Formation of the nucleolus
D)Protein synthesis

Answer 40

Protein synthesis

Question 41

43)Based on the function of mitochondria, what substance is able to pass through the outer membrane of the mitochondria easily?
A)Oxygen
B)Sugars
C)Amino acids
D) Potassium ions

Answer 41

Oxygen

Question 42

43)Based on the function of mitochondria, what substance is able to pass through the outer membrane of the mitochondria easily?
A)Oxygen
B)Sugars
C)Amino acids
D) Potassium ions

Answer 42

oxygen

Question 43

45)When looking at plant and animal cells with an electron microscope, you notice that the plant cells have more Golgi membranes than the animal cells. This is most likely because unlike in animal cells, in plant cells the Golgi apparatus is involved in the production of
A) cell walls
B)cytoplasm
C)chloroplasts
D)mitochondria

Answer 43

Cell walls

Question 44

46)Mitochondrial disorders can be caused by mutations in all the following except
A)mitochondrial DNA
B)nuclear DNA
C)cytoplasmic DNA

Answer 44

Cytoplasmic DNA

Question 45

47)Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells. What is a plausible explanation?
A)Prokaryotic cell walls limit their cell growth.
B)Prokaryotes lack the genetic material needed for protein synthesis.
C)Eukaryotes have compartmentalization, which allows for specialization.
D)Prokaryotes have more diverse energy sources.
E)Eukaryotes are immobile, allowing them to grow large

Answer 45

Eukaryotes have compartmentalization which allows for specialization

Question 46

48) Matthew noticed that his house plants were wilting badly. Which cell structure had most likely contracted?
A)Cytoplasm
B)Cell wall
C)Plasma membrane
D)Vacuole

Answer 46

Vacuole

Question 47

1. The cell’s plasma membrane mediates which of the following transactions with the environment?
   Check all that apply.
   A)ingesting food molecules and sometimes entire cells
   B)returning waste and other molecules back to the environment
   C)responding to a host of chemical cues
   D)directing synthesis of various food-digesting proteins
   E)passing messages to other cell

Answer 47

A)ingesting food molecules and sometimes entire cells
B)returning waste and other molecules back to the environment
E)passing messages to other cell

Question 48

If ATP production is blocked, decreased transport of material across a membrane occurs. Which type of transport is affected? Choose all that apply.
A)Osmosis
B)Diffusion
C)Facilitated diffusion
D)Active transport
E)Endocytosis

Answer 48

D)Active transport
E)Endocytosis

Question 49

The lipid layer that forms the foundation of cell membranes is primarily composed of molecules called
A)phospholipids
B)fats
C)proteins
E)carbohydrates

Answer 49

A)phospholipids

Question 50

4. While water continually orients phospholipids into a lipid bilayer, it does not fix the lipids permanently into position. Thus, the bilayer is considered to be
   A)static
   B)fluid
   C) fluctuating
   D)charged

Answer 50

B)fluid

Question 51

5. The net movement of substances to regions of lower concentration is called
   A)osmosis
   B)active transport.
   C)facilitation
   D)diffusion.

Answer 51

D)diffusion.

Question 52

6. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane in response to the concentration of one or more
   A)solutes
   B)membranes
   C)compartments
   D)cells

Answer 52

A)solutes

Question 53

7. Which type of protein is embedded in the cell membrane in both active transport and facilitated
   A) carrier
   B)cytoskeletal
   C)structural
   D)targeted

Answer 53

A) carrier

Question 54

8) Osmosis occurs as water can cross the lipid bilayer through specialized channels for water movement called
A)proteins
B) transmembrane carbohydrates
C) membrane pores
D) aquaporins

Answer 54

D) aquaporins

Question 55

9)The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid embedded with
A)proteins.
B)carbohydrates.
C)polymers.
D)nucleotides.
E)sodium and potassium ions.

Answer 55

A)proteins.

Question 56

10) Membrane proteins are not very soluble in water because they possess long stretches of non polar amino acids that are
A)too long to interact with the water molecules.
B)hydrophobic.
C)are trans membranal.
D)hydrophilic.

Answer 56

B)hydrophobic.

Question 57

If a cell has the same concentration of dissolved molecules as its outside environment, the cell’s condition is referred to as being
A)isotonic.
B)hypertonic.
C)hypotonic.
D)hydrophobic.
E)hydrophilic.

Answer 57

A)isotonic.

Question 58

12. A type of transport of a solute across a membrane, up its concentration gradient, using protein carriers driven by the expenditure of chemical energy is known as
    A) osmosis
    B) diffusion
    C)facilitated transport
    D)active transport
    E)exocytosis

Answer 58

D)active transport

Question 59

13. How are the tails and heads of membrane phospholipids oriented in their environment?
    A)The hydrophobic heads are oriented toward each other and the hydrophilic tails are oriented towards the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid.
    B)The hydrophilic tails are oriented toward each other and the hydrophobic heads are oriented towards the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid.
    C)The hydrophobic tails are oriented toward each other and the hydrophilic heads are oriented towards the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid.
    D)The hydrophilic heads are oriented toward each other and the hydrophobic tails are oriented towards the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid.

Answer 59

C)The hydrophobic tails are oriented toward each other and the hydrophilic heads are oriented towards the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid.

Question 60

14. The fluid nature of the membranes is attributed to a lateral movement of
    A)protein channels.
    B)phospholipid molecules.
    C)antigen molecules.
    D)pumps such as the proton pump.
    E)the entire lipid bilayer.

Answer 60

B)phospholipid molecules.

Question 61

15. On the outer surface of the plasma membrane, there are marker molecules that identify the cell type. Often these molecules are
    A)ATP.
    B)amino acids.
    C)nucleotides
    D)carbohydrate chains.
    E)inorganic ions.

Answer 61

D)carbohydrate chains.

Question 62

16. Which protein classes are not found as membrane proteins?
    A) transport channels
    B) hormones
    C)receptors
    D)enzymes
    E)identity markers

Answer 62

B) hormones

Question 63

17. The part of a membrane protein that extends through the phospholipid bilayer is primarily composed of amino acids that are
    A)highly polar.
    B)negatively charged.
    C)nonpolar.
    D)positively charged.
    E)water solubl

Answer 63

C)nonpolar.

Question 64

18. The movement of substances to regions of lower concentration is called

A)active transport.
B) diffusion.
C)pinocytosis.
D)pumping.
E)exocytosis.

Answer 64

B) diffusion.

Question 65

19. If two solutions have unequal concentrations of a solute, the solution with the lower concentration is called
    A)isotonic.
    B)hypertonic.
    C) hypotonic.
    D)osmosis

Answer 65

C) hypotonic.

Question 66

20. The actualtransport of protons by the proton pump is mediated by a transmembrane protein that undergoes a change in its
    A)conformation.
    B)amino acid sequence.
    C)net charge
    D)solubility
    E)immunity.

Answer 66

A)conformation.

Question 67

22. The process often referred to as “cellular eating” is
    A)osmosis.
    B)pinocytosis.
    C)phagocytosis.
    D)diffusion.
    E)active transport.

Answer 67

C)phagocytosis.

Question 68

22 Carrier-mediated transport is also called
A)facilitated diffusion.
B)active transport.
C)exocytosis.
D)endocytosis.
E)phagocytosis.

Answer 68

A)facilitated diffusion.

Question 69

23. Osmosis can only occur if water travels through the
    A) cell wall.
    B) semipermeable membrane.
    C) vacuole.
    D)ER.
    E)cytoskeleton.

Answer 69

B) semipermeable membrane.

Question 70

24. You do an experiment in which you increase the concentration of phosphate in a solution and measure the uptake by plant cells. You find that once the concentration of phosphate reaches 1 gram per liter adding more phosphate does not increase uptake any further. From this you would conclude that phosphate is taken up by
    A)exocytosis
    B)facilitated diffusion
    C)active transport
    D)endocytosis
    E)osmosis

Answer 70

B)facilitated diffusion

Question 71

26. The type of movement that is specific and requires carrier molecules and energy is
    A)exocytosis.
    B)facilitated diffusion.
    C)active transport
    D)endocytosis
    E)osmosis

Answer 71

C)active transport

Question 72

27. In a single sodium-potassium pump cycle, ATP is used with the result that
    A)three sodium ions leave and two potassium ions enter.
    B)two sodium ion enters and one potassium ion leaves.
    C)two sodium ion leaves and one potassium ion enters.
    D)three sodium ions enter and two potassium ions leave.
    E)sodium and potassium ions enter and water leaves.

Answer 72

A)three sodium ions leave and two potassium ions enter.

Question 73

28. The accumulation of amino acids and sugars in animal cells can occur through
    A)ATP pumps.
    B)sodium-potassium pumps.
    C)glucose pumps.
    D)coupled transport
    E)proton pumps.

Answer 73

D)coupled transport

Question 74

29. Cholesterol functions in the plasma membrane tO
    A)transport ions.
    B)serve as an energy molecule.
    C)maintain fluidity.
    D)mediate steroid action.
    E)maintain hypertension.

Answer 74

C)maintain fluidity.

Question 75

30. A phospholipid molecule has a polar and a nonpolar end. Because of this, water molecules form
    A) polar bonds with the nonpolar end of the phospholipid molecule.
    b)polar bonds with the polar end of the phospholipid molecule
    c) Hydrogen bonds with the nonpolar end of the phospholipid molecule.
    D)Hydrogen bonds with the polar end of the phospholipid molecule.
    E)Covalent bonds with the nonpolar end of the phospholipid molecule.

Answer 75

D)Hydrogen bonds with the polar end of the phospholipid molecule.

Question 76

31. The fluid mosaic model proposed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972 explained that
    A)the cell membrane was composed of lipids and proteins.
    B)the cell membrane was composed of a phospholipid bilayer between two lavers of globular proteins.
    C)the cell membrane was composed of a phospholipid bilayer with globular proteins actually inserted into the bilayer.
    D) the cell membrane was composed of a phospholipid bilayer but the polar ends of the phospholipid molecules were reversed.

Answer 76

C)the cell membrane was composed of a phospholipid bilayer with globular proteins actually inserted into the bilayer.

Question 77

32. One function of membrane proteins is to transport substances across the membrane. If the cell biologist places cell membrane proteins as a transportation chemical that blocks the function of only carrier proteins, it will be affected.
    A)active transport
    B)osmosis
    C)simple diffusion
    D)phagocytosis
    E)pinocytosis

Answer 77

A)active transport

Question 78

33. For the process of diffusion to occur, molecules must
    A)move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until an equilibrium is reached
    B)move from areas of low concentration to areas of higher concentration until an equilibrium is reached
    C)remain stationary until their molecular motion allows for an equilibrium to be reached.
    D)move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until facilitated transport can assist the molecular equilibrium.
    E) move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until an equilibrium is reached by active transport.

Answer 78

A)move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until an equilibrium is reached

Question 79

34. Facilitated diffusion is an important method for cells in obtaining necessary molecules and removing other ones. Requirements for facilitated diffusion include which of the following?
    A)The carrier molecule must be specific to the molecule that is transported. The direction of movement is always with the concentration gradient, never against the gradient.
    B)The carrier molecule is nonspecific to the molecule that is transported. The direction of movement is always with the concentration gradient, never against the gradient.
    C)The carrier molecule is nonspecific to the molecule that is transported. The direction of movement is always against the concentration gradient, never with the gradient
    D)The carrier molecule must be specific to the molecule that is transported and an ATP molecule must be attached to the specific carrier. The direction of movement is always against the concentration gradient, never with the gradient.

Answer 79

A)The carrier molecule must be specific to the molecule that is transported. The direction of movement is always with the concentration gradient, never against the gradient.

Question 80

35. A research laboratory is attempting to collect the content of human red blood cells. The type of salt solution researchers should use to cause blood cells to lyse (burst) would be
    A)hyperosmotic.
    B)isosmotic.
    C)hypoosmotic.
    D)osmotic.

Answer 80

C)hypoosmotic.

Question 81

36. One day during the summer, you and some friends make ice cream using an electric ice cream maker To get the ice cream to form, a mixture of salt and ice is packed around the ice cream maker. A few days later, you notice a veil ad ice mixture spilled onto the grass and Tew days later, you notice a yellow circle of dead grass where the ice cream maker had been placed. You hypothesize that some of the salt and ice mixture spilled onto the grass and
    A)froze the grass
    B)was isosmotic to the grass cells causing the yellow circle of dead grass
    C)was hyperosmotic to the grass cells causing the yellow circle of dead grass
    D)was hypoosmotic to the grass cells causing the yellow circle of dead grass

Answer 81

C)was hyperosmotic to the grass cells causing the yellow circle of dead grass

Question 82

What is the main component of an animal cell membrane?
A)phospholipids
B)polynucleotides
C)aquaporins
D)glycolipids
E)cholesterol

Answer 82

A)phospholipids

Question 83

A scientist performs an experiment in which they create an artificial cell with a selectively permeable membrane through which only water can pass. They inject a 5 M solution of glucose into the cell and then place the cell into a beaker containing 10 M glucose. What effect do you expect to observe?
A)Water moves out of the cell
B)Glucose moves out of the cell
C)No net change in cell weight
D)Water moves into the cell
E)Glucose moves into the cell

Answer 83

A)Water moves out of the cell

Question 84

39. Turgor pressure is observed when a plant cells environment is
    A) hypotonic
    B)isotonic
    C)osmosis
    D) hypertonic

Answer 84

A) hypotonic

Question 85

40. What initiates the sodium-potassium pump?
    A)three sodium ions bind to the cytoplasmic side of the protein.
    B)three sodium ions are translocated out of the cell.
    C) phosphorylated pump has low aftinity for sodium allowing sodium to leave and potassium to bind.
    D) two potassium ions are transported into the cell.
    E) ATP binds to in lens are transported into the sehorylated (ADP is released

Answer 85

A)three sodium ions bind to the cytoplasmic side of the protein.

Question 86

41. Membrane fluidity is affected by
    A)temperature, cholesterol, and types of fatty acids.
    B)size of molecules, polarity of molecules, and temperature.
    C)types of fatty acids, and waters affinity for hydrogen bonding.
    D)hydrophilic tails, hydrophobic heads, and cholesterol

Answer 86

A)temperature, cholesterol, and types of fatty acids.

Question 87

42. If you were a very thirsty cell, which process would you use to take in some nutrients secreted by one of your neighbors?
    A)phagocytosis
    B)pinocytosis
    C)receptor-mediated endoctosis
    D)exocytosis

Answer 87

B)pinocytosis

Question 88

43. When the solute concentration of solution A is lower than the solute concentration of solution B, solution A is considered
    A)hypertonic.
    B)hypotonic.
    C)isotonic.

Answer 88

B)hypotonic.

Question 89

44. An individual is constipated. They take magnesium salts to help loosen the stool. Why does this work?
    A) Water moves from the intestines to the blood because the blood is hypertonic.
    B) Water moves from the intestines to the blood because the blood is hypotonic.
    C) Water moves from the blood to the intestines because the blood is hypertonic.
    D)Water moves from the blood to the intestines because the blood is hypotonic

Answer 89

D)Water moves from the blood to the intestines because the blood is hypotonic

Question 90

45. If Na levels were depleted in the extracellular fluid, rate of glucose movement would
    A)increase.
    B)decrease.
    C)stay the same.

Answer 90

B)decrease.

Question 91

45. Matt is studying how the profein transferin enters cells. He examines cells that have taken up cransferrin, and finds clathfin coated vansfer in enters charism was used to take transferrin into the
    A)phagocytosis
    B)pinocytosis
    C)exocytosis
    D)receptor-mediator endocytosis

Answer 91

D)receptor-mediator endocytosis

Question 92

47. The diagram shows the rate of diffusion into a cell using carrier proteins.
    Rate of Diffusion
    4
    3
    2
    Glucose Concentration
    47)Carrier proteins are saturated at which point?
    A) 1
    B) 2
    C) 3
    D) 4

Answer 92

D) 4

Question 93

47)The rate of diffusion will increase as
A)the number of glucose molecules decreases.
B)the number of glucose molecules increases.
C)temperature decreases.
D)pH rises.

Answer 93

B)the number of glucose molecules increases.

Question 94

Retroviruses are unique because they are a combination of RNA and DNA.
true
false

Answer 94

false

Question 95

49. Tetracycline is effective against viruses because it disrupts the action of the viral ribosomes
    True
    False

Answer 95

False

Question 96

50. Bacteria typically use binary vision, but under specialdircumstances sexual reproduction is possible via horizontal gene transfer.
    true
    false

Answer 96

false

Question 97

51. What best describes whether a virus is likelv to infect a particular cell?
    A)Viruses infect the first cells they encounter.
    B)If a host cell is weakened, viruses are likely to infect it.
    C)A virus will only infect host cells with the correct surface receptors.
    D)Viruses only attack epithelial cells, such as the cells lining the lungs.
    E)The initial choice is random but once a cell type is chosen it becomes the preferred host

Answer 97

C)A virus will only infect host cells with the correct surface receptors.

Question 98

52. Can a virus be killed?
    A)Yes, destroying its genome kills it.
    B)No, viruses are capable of self-assembly and cannot be permanently killed.
    C)Yes, separating the genes from the capsid kills it.
    D)No, viruses are nonliving and cannot die.

Answer 98

D)No, viruses are nonliving and cannot die.

Question 99

53. A doctor’s office has run out of the latest flu vaccine, but many patients are asking for it. One of the nurses finds some vials from last year’s batch in a refrigerator. Should they be used?
    A)Yes, because the preservatives and refrigeration ensure that the vaccine is still fresh
    B)No, because each year the technology to make a good vaccine improves.
    C) No, because each year the vaccine is made against different subtypes of the flu virus.
    D) Maybe, the vaccine should be mixed in a test tube with the virus to see if it still inactivates it.

Answer 99

C) No, because each year the vaccine is made against different subtypes of the flu virus.

Question 100

54)Which class of drugs would be effective against HIV but not against most other pathogenic viruses?
A) Nucleotide analogs that halt replication
B)Receptor antagonists that block viral entry
C) Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors that block reverse transcription
D) Translation inhibitors that stop assembly of viral proteins

Answer 100

C) Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors that block reverse transcription

Question 101

55. If the gp120 glycoprotein were damaged as a result of a mutation, HiV would have difficulty
    A)binding to a host cell.
    B)leaving a macrophage.
    C)inserting its genes into the host cell’s genome.
    D)assembling the capsid.
    E)attaching its RNA to a host cell’s ribosome.

Answer 101

A)binding to a host cell.

Question 102

56. A layer of lipoprotein and glycoprotein that covers the outer surface of some viruses is the
    A)capsid.
    B)casing.
    C)envelope.
    D)membrane
    E) viroid.

Answer 102

C)envelope.

Question 103

57. Viruses that become established as stable parts of the host cell genome are called
    A)lethal.
    B)potent.
    C)temperate.
    D)virulent.

Answer 103

C)temperate.

Question 104

58. Which of the following statements about the types and subtypes of the influenza (flu) virus is false?
    A)of the three major types of flu virus (A, B, and C), only Type A can occur in humans, other mammals, and birds.
    B)Flu subtype is determined by the kinds of proteins representing the H and N protein spikes making up the capsid of the virus.
    C) The A (H2N2) and the A(H3N2) strains of the virus require different vaccines.
    D)High mutation rates create more diversity in strains of flu than does genetic recombination.
    E)Genetic recombination between flu strains from different species is common

Answer 104

E)Genetic recombination between flu strains from different species is common

Question 105

59. Phil has chronic ulcers; he has been taking acid blockers and drinking vast amounts of liquid antacids. These help relieve the symptoms, but he still suffers from ulcers. What would be the best coursent action to treat the source of his ulcers?
    A)Taking several different antiacids
    B)Increasing the dosage of acid blockers
    C)Taking a course of antibiotics
    D)Reducing the stress in his daily life
    E) Changing his diet to include more fiber

Answer 105

C)Taking a course of antibiotics

Question 106

60. Why are children often told that if they eat too much candy their teeth wil fallout?
    A)Sugar attacks tooth enamel.
    B)Sugars gradually replace the tooth enamel.
    C) Bacteria use the sugar to make ATP. This fermentation process produces acids as a by-Product
    D) Bacteria secrete acids in order to digest the sugar molecules

Answer 106

C) Bacteria use the sugar to make ATP. This fermentation process produces acids as a by-Product

Question 107

61. Amanda is a microbiologist who studies the pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes. In what ways are they (Amanda and the bacteria)similar?
    A) Both have cell walls.
    B)Both have linear chromosomes.
    C)Both have mitochondria for ATP production.
    D)Both are capable of sexual reproduction.
    E)Both obtain carbon from consuming organic molecules.

Answer 107

E)Both obtain carbon from consuming organic molecules.

Question 108

62. Are transformation and transduction the same process?
    A)Yes, they both involve the acquisition of viral genes.
    B)No, only transformation passes on genes for pathogenicity.
    C)Yes, both processes transfer specific gene products to a specific bacterium.
    D)No, although both involve gene transfer, the sources of the genetic material differ.

Answer 108

D)No, although both involve gene transfer, the sources of the genetic material differ.

Question 109

63. Many cells of the immune system have receptors that detect peptidoglycans and lipopolysaccharides. How do pathogenic bacteria avoid detection?
    A)Pathogenic bacteria lack cell walls.
    B)Pathogens often encase themselves in a gelatinous capsule.
    C) Peptidoglycans are absent from pathogenic bacteria.
    D)Disease is only possible if the immune system has been compromised by the same other event.

Answer 109

B)Pathogens often encase themselves in a gelatinous capsule.

Question 110

64. If the label on a slide reads Gram-positive bacillus, what would a students expect to see?
    A)Pink helical cells
    B)Purple rod shaped cells
    C)Red spherical cells
    D)Blue coiled cells

Answer 110

B)Purple rod shaped cells

Question 111

65. Current classification of prokaryotes is based on
    A)morphology of flagella.
    B)sequencing of proteins, DNA, and RNA
    C)occurrence of transverse binary fission.
    D)type of colony formation.
    E)ability to stain the cell wall with Gram stain.

Answer 111

B)sequencing of proteins, DNA, and RNA

Question 112

66. Prokaryotes undergo a process that produces cells that are identical. This process is called
    A)mitosis.
    B)meiosis.
    C)conjugation.
    D)binary fission.
    E)syngamy.

Answer 112

D)binary fission.

Question 113

67. The prokaryotic DNA is located in the
    A) capsid region.
    B)nucleoid region.
    C)endospore region.
    D)peptidoglycan region.
    E)pili region.

Answer 113

B)nucleoid region.

Question 114

68. Early classification systems of the bacteria employed all of the following characteristics except
    A)the ability to photosynthesize.
    B)rRNA sequences.
    C)motility.
    D)colony or filament forming.
    E)sporulation or binary fission.

Answer 114

B)rRNA sequences.

Question 115

69. In all of the following characteristics, prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes except in
    A)cell size.
    B)multicellularity.
    C)chromosomes.
    D)nucleic acids as the hereditary material.
    E) organelles.

Answer 115

D)nucleic acids as the hereditary material.

Question 116

70. Which of the following is not a shape seen in prokaryotes?
    A)Spheres
    B)Rods
    C)Spirals
    D)Icosahedrons

Answer 116

D)Icosahedrons

Question 117

71. Archaea differ from Bacteria in all of the following except
    A)cell wall composition.
    B)plasma membrane make up.
    C)DNA replication.
    D)gene expression.
    E) the presence of a nucleoid region.

Answer 117

E) the presence of a nucleoid region.

Question 118

72. All of the following are ways that prokaryotes can exchange genetic material except
    A)vertical gene transfer.
    B)conjugation.
    C)transduction.
    D) transformation.
    E)exchange of R plasmids

Answer 118

A)vertical gene transfer.

Question 119

5. The net movement of substances to regions of lower concentration is called
   a)osmosis
   b)active transport
   c)facilitation
   d)diffusion

Answer 119

d)diffusion