Cells

Question 1

What are enzymes made out of?

Answer 1

Proteins

Question 2

What region of an enzyme determines which substrates it can act on?

Answer 2

The active site

Question 3

When the active site is altered, the enzyme is…

Answer 3

Denatured

Question 4

What is the collective term for the processes in a cell?

Answer 4

Metabolism

Question 5

What is the term for an “empty space” in a cell?

Answer 5

A vacuole.

Question 6

What organelle converts pyruvate to ATP with oxygen?

Answer 6

The mitochondria (the powerhouse of the cell)

Question 7

Animal cells have cell (1)_______, while plant cells have cell (2)____.

Answer 7

(1) membranes
(2) walls

Question 8

Enzymes are comparable to catalysts, as both…

Answer 8

lower the activation energy of a certain reaction.

Question 9

What organelle produces ribosomes?

Answer 9

the nucleolus

Question 10

What are vacuoles useful for?

Answer 10

1: storing resources like water
2: Decreasing the SA/V ratio
3: Making transport distance more favourable

Question 11

What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum do?

Answer 11

It transports proteins from the ribosomes on them, and sends them in vesicles to the Golgi body (where they will be “customised”)

Question 12

The conditions where enzymes function at their max is call the…

Answer 12

Optimum

Question 13

What are the parts of the cell membrane?

Answer 13

There is the phospholipid bilayer (which can let through, small, uncharged particles passively, and there are protein gates (or “pumps”) that can transport charged large particles actively.

Question 14

What is passive transport?

Answer 14

Transport that goes with the concentration gradient, and requires no energy to carry out.

Question 15

What is active transport?

Answer 15

Transport that goes against the concentration gradient, and requires energy to carry out.

Question 16

What is osmosis?

Answer 16

The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

Question 17

If a cell hypotonic to the solution it is in, water will rush in and the cell will become…

Answer 17

Turgid

Question 18

If a cell is hypertonic to the solution it is in, water will rush out and the cell will become…

Answer 18

Flaccid

Question 19

What are three factors that affect transport speed?

Answer 19

1: Concentration gradient
2: Protein channels
3: Distances involved

Question 20

What are the four phases of mitosis?

Answer 20

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Question 21

Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells. What are some reasons that mitosis is carried out?

Answer 21

To preserve a favourable SA:V ratio for efficient transport of materials and waste products.
To facilitate overall organism growth
For cell repair (if one cell is damaged, it must be replaced).

Question 22

What is the basic reaction for the light-dependent phase of photosynthesis?

Answer 22

(chlorophyll)
Water —-> Hydrogen ions + oxygen
(sunlight)
(also produces enough ATP for next stage)

Question 23

What is the basic reaction for the light-independent phase of photosynthesis?

Answer 23

Hydrogen ions + CO2 + ATP ——> Glucose

Question 24

Where does the light-dependent phase of photosynthesis take place?

Answer 24

On the thalykoid membrane in the chloroplast

Question 25

Where does the light-independent phase of photosynthesis take place?

Answer 25

In the stroma in the chloroplast

Question 26

What is respiration?

Answer 26

The conversion of glucose into a usable form of chemical energy (in this case, ATP).

Question 27

What is the basic equation for glycolysis, and where does it take place?

Answer 27

glucose —> pyruvate (+2 ATP)
In the cytoplasm

Question 28

What is the basic equation for Kreb’s Cycle, and where does it take place?

Answer 28

Pyruvate —–> CO2 + hydrogen ions (+2 ATP)
(enzymes)
Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria

Question 29

What is the basic equation for Electron Transport System, and where does it take place?

Answer 29

Oxygen + hydrogen + ——> H2O (+34 ATP)
(enzymes)
Takes place on the cristae (folds in mitochondria’s inner membrane)

Question 30

What is the basic equation for fermentation, and where does it take place?

Answer 30

(enzymes)
Pyruvate ——> waste produce (+enough ATP to carry out Glycolysis again)