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PSYC100 > L4 - scientific/experimental method > Flashcards

L4 - scientific/experimental method Flashcards

1
Q

Braitenberg vehicle

A

tempted to describe machines with very simple internal structures using psychological language
dynamic, complex, unpredictable behaviours can emerge from simple systems

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2
Q

Ockham’s razor

A

given several explanations, simplest should be accepted (easiest to test)

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3
Q

reductionism

A

only need mechanistic explanation
but do we need a psychological explantion/would it add something about the true nature?
cannot empirically exclude philosophical possibilities, only know what we can observe
problem: emergent behaviour - emergent behaviour may be unpredictable

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4
Q

rationalism

A

using reason & logical arguments
observation unecessary and potentially misleading

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5
Q

empiricism

A

hypotheses need to be (dis)confirmed by observation using empirical, descriptive, and experimental methods
observation reproduced more -> more certain

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6
Q

scientific method

A

observation->hypothesis->prediction->experiment->analysis-»
fact = data + theory

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7
Q

inductivism

A

observations->theory->hypothesis->more observations->laws
“all swans are white”

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8
Q

falsificationism

A

refutable statement deduced from theory, experiment set up to falsify not confirm theory
strict testing
theory can be changed & tested again

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9
Q

Kuhn’s cycle of revolutions

A

“science progresses funeral by funeral”
preparadigm period->normal science->anomaly->crisis->revolution->normal science

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10
Q

observer effects

A

our “reality” manifests in a specific way based on our interaction with it
experimentation assumes that only factor affecting behaviour is objectively manipulated variables but this is incorrect

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11
Q

experimenter bias

A

exposure of rodents to male experimentors produces pain inhibition (pheromones)
what is true behaviour?

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12
Q

demand characteristics

A

try to do what they think researchers want to see to please them
demand characteristics are cues in experiment that convey hypothesis

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13
Q

Milgram experiment

A

participants willing to kill when following commands from perceived authority figure but many problems (demand characteristics, artificiality, representativeness)

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14
Q

representativeness

A

research predominantly on male while North-American psychology undergraduates (WEIRD) - not representative of humanity
doubtful whether results can be reproduced in other populations

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15
Q

artificiality

A

bizarre tasks in research labs not representative of real life situations
result of reducitonist approach
also applies to animals!
can try field study without being noticed

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16
Q

descriptive methods

A
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17
Q

naturalistic observation

A
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18
Q

Hawthorne effect & experiment

A

several workplace conditions manipulated but productivity increased as long as observed, regardless of light, pay, etc

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19
Q

reactivity

A

change of behaviour when know observed

20
Q

experimenter expectancy effect & experiment

A

students told to train rats that are either genetically good or bad at running mazes, bias of experimenter changes outcome (give off cues based on expectation that affect behaviour)

21
Q

response bias

A

tendency for participants to respond innaccurately to self-report questions
not passive, actively integrate multiple sources of information to generate response in given situation

22
Q

correlation & correlation studies

A

describe & predict relationship between variables, not causal

23
Q

directionality problem

A

direction of causation in correlational study ambiguous

24
Q

positive correlation

A

variables move in same direction

25
Q

negative correlation

A

inverse relationship

26
Q

zero correlation

A

not predctably related

27
Q

third variable

A

correlation may be due to third, unmeasured, variable

28
Q

experimental method

A

test prediction based on hypothesis
interested in explanations (C&E)
manipulate variable(s) while maintaining ceteris paribus

29
Q

experimental gorup

A

treatment level of IV

30
Q

control group

A

receive no/unrelated treatment
comparison level of IV

31
Q

confound(ing variable)

A

anything affecting DC that varies unintentionally caries between IVs eg age, experience

32
Q

internal validity

A

quality of experiment: if observed effects are due to IV and not confounds

33
Q

external validity

A

degree to which results can be generalised (tricky balance with internal validity)

34
Q

descriptive statistics

A

measurements -> series of data points - distribution/spread of data

35
Q

frequency distribution

A

number of data points in each bin

36
Q

central tendency

A

number which best represents distribution
but which one depends on shape

37
Q

mode

A

most often

38
Q

median

A

50% above, 50% below

39
Q

mean

A

sum & divide

40
Q

normal distribution

A

symmetrical bell curve, most variables in nature approximate
mode=median=mean
large sample needed for good Gaussian distribution

41
Q

variability

A

how much data points vary from each other & mean, how wide the spread
how well central tendency describes distribution

42
Q

standard deviation

A

average distance of data points from mean
68% in 1 SD
95.5% in 2 SDs
99.7% in 3 SDs

43
Q

logical empiricism

A

science rests on objective empirical observations that are independent of observer and theory

44
Q

statistical significance

A

is difference meaningful enough to attribute to treatment? (dif between groups bigger than can be expected by chance)
null hypothesis H0 - no difference (try to reject using T-test)
experimental hypothesis H1

45
Q

empirical structuralism

A

external validity does not exist
observations only valid within its specific context and theoretical framework you approach it with
argument against positivism (observations are objectively true)
realm of applicability of theory expands as you continue testing

PSYC100 (11 decks)

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