Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endo > Reproductive treatments > Flashcards

Reproductive treatments Flashcards

1
Q

Diagnosing male hypogonadism

A

Measure testosterone twice, in the morning on an empty stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the four types of testosterone replacement?

A

Daily gel (avoid contaminating female partner .: no sharing of towels)
3 weekly intramuscular injection,
3 monthly intramuscular injection,
implants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are two molecules that need to be measured for safety during testosterone replacement?

A

Haematocrit increase (stroke, hyperviscosity) // Prostate Specific Antigen levels (BPH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is LH and FSH needed for male fertility?

A

Spermatogenesis - LH stimulates Leydig cells to increase intratesticular testosterone levels,
FSH stimulates seminiferous tubule development & spermatogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What injections should be given if a man wishes fertility?

A

hCG injections for 6 months, then FSH injections
Testosterone can suppress LH/FSH and decrease fertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two most common causes of irregular periods?

A

PCOS and Hypothalamic Amenorrhea (acquired hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism - exercise, low bmi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the different causes of PCOS and hypothalamic amenorrhea ?

A

PCOS - Hyperandrogenism and PCO morphology on ultrasound //
Hypothalamic Amenorrhea - low BMI, stress, exercise excess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many follicles do you aim to develop in ovarian induction and why?

A

1 - multiple ovulated could lead to multiple pregnancies, posing risk to mother and baby. Therefore only aim for a small increase in FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What 5 treatments would you give in PCOS to restore ovulation?

A

Lifestyle/Weight Loss, Metformin,
Letrozole (aromatase inhibitor, decrease oestrogen and increases FSH), Clomiphene (oestradiol receptor),
FSH stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What 5 treatments would you give for hypothalamic amenorrhea to restore ovulation?

A

Same as PCOS BUT: weight gain instead of weight loss // pulsatile GnRH pump instead of metformin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why would you not prefer to give letrozole or clomiphene for hypothalamic amenorrhea?

A

These reduce oestradiol levels which are already low in hypothalamic amenorrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the percentage chance of conception if a couple has regular sex for one year without contraception?

A

85% (14% of couples are infertile)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the four step process in IVF?

A

Oocyte retrieval,
fertilisation in vitro,
embryo incubation,
embryo transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two different processes for fertilisation in IVF?

A

In vitro fertilisation (on agar plate) or Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (directly inject sperm into egg nucleus - usually done if there is a problem with sperm fertility)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the other advantages/disadvantages of condoms?

A

Easy to obtain // Reduce sensation, User-dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does the oral contraceptive pill cause changes in the body?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone cause negative feedback, inhibiting release of LH and FSH

17
Q

What are the three effects of the COC pill in the body?

A

Anovulation,
thickening of cervical mucus, thinning of endometrial lining (reduces implantation)

18
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of the combined pill?

A

Once a day, effective // have to remember, upregulates p450 so other meds less effective

19
Q

What are the side effects of the COC pill?

A

Nausea, mood changes, blood clots (rare)

20
Q

What are three non-contraceptive uses of the COC pill?

A

Makes periods lighter and less painful - Dysmenorrhoea, Menorrhagia (Endometriosis/Fibroids) //Withdrawal Bleeds //
PCOS (reduce LH and hyperandrogenism)

21
Q

What are the contraindications for COC pill?

A

Risk of VTE: Migraine, Smoking, CVD, Breast Cancer

22
Q

What is the POP pill and when is it used?

A

Progesterone only pill, used when you cannot take oestrogen (ie if there is an increased clot risk) & breastfeeding

23
Q

What are the two disadvantages of the POP pill?

A

Less reliably inhibits ovulation // Shorter acting - needs to be taken at the same time every day

24
Q

What are two examples of LARCs?

A

Long Acting Reversible Contraception - Coils, Progesterone-only injectable contraceptives

25
Q

What are two examples of coils?

A

Intra-Uterine Device (Copper Coil), mechanical prevention // Intra-Uterine Systems (Mirena Coil - progesterone secretion to prevent thickening of endometrium)

26
Q

What is the use of the Mirena Coil?

A

Thin womb lining - helps with heavy bleeding

27
Q

What are the disadvantages about coils?

A

Prevent implantation of zygote (impermissible in some religions) // rarely can cause ectopic pregnancy

28
Q

What are three emergency contraceptives?

A

Copper intrauterine device (most effective),
Ulipristal Acetate - prevents ovulation by blocking progesterone
Levonorgestrel (least effective) especially with high BMI

29
Q

When must each of these devices be applied?

A

Before: Copper IUD - 5 days after unprotected sex, Ulipristal Acetate - 5 days, Levonorgestrel - 3 days

30
Q

What are the two benefits of HRT?

A

Symptom relief (flushing, sweats, disturbed sleep, decreased libido, low mood) // Less osteoporosis fractures

31
Q

What are the four risks of HRT? - give examples and explain where necessary

A

VTE (including PE and DVT, especially oral as they getprocessed by the liver which makes more clotting factors) // Cancers (breast, ovarian, endometrial) //
CVD (mainly in people 10 years after menopause, not before) // Stroke

32
Q

Which of oral or transdermal oestrogen causes a higher risk of VTE and why?

A

Oral - first metabolised in liver, increases clotting factors

33
Q

What is the pattern of breast cancer and HRT?

A

Risk related to duration of HRT, reduces after stopping, continous worse than sequential

34
Q

What must you co-prescribe in women with an endometrium before HRT?

A

Progesterone To prevent endometrial thickening

35
Q

What are the two types of risks that show prevalence of side effects?

A

Absolute Risk and Relative Risk

36
Q

What are typical transgender medical treatments for transitioning?

A

Pre-pubertal: GnRH agonists to delay puberty // Gender-Reassignment Surgery // Hormone Therapy

37
Q

What masculinising hormones can you give?

A

Tesosterone, Progesterone (stops menstrual bleeding)

38
Q

What feminising hormones can you give?

A

GnRH agonists or Anti-Androgens // Oestrogen

Endo (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions