Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANAPHY > nervous tissue > Flashcards

nervous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

deals with normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system

A

Neurology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

is a physician who diagnoses and treats disorders of the nervous system.

A

Neurologist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mass of only 2 kg (4.5 lb), about 3% of the total body weight, the ____________is one of the smallest and yet the most complex of the 11 body systems.

A

nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Structures of the Nervous System

A

• Brain
• Spinal Cord
• Nerves(Cranial and Spinal)
• Ganglia
• Enteric Plexuses
• Sensory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

neurons enclosed within skull

A

Brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

connects to brain and enclosed
within spinal cavity

A

Spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

bundles of many axons of neurons

A

Nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(12 pairs) emerge from brain

A

Cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

(31 pairs) emerge from spinal cord

A

Spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

groups of neuron cell bodies located outside of brain and spinal cord

A

Ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

networks in digestive tract

A

Enteric plexuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

monitor changes in internal or external environments

A

Sensory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Functions of the Nervous System

A

• Sensory (Input)
• Integration (Process)
• Motor Activity (Output)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

• receptors and sensory nerves

A

Sensory (input)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

• Carry information into brain and spinal cord

A

Sensory (input)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

information processing

A

Integration (process)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

awareness of sensory input

A

Perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Analyzing and storing information to help lead to appropriate responses

A

Integration (process)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

efferent nerves

A

Motor activity (output)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Signals to muscles and glands (effectors)

A

Motor activity (output)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Organization of the Nervous System

A

• Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Brain (100 billion neurons) and spinal cord (100 million neurons)

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

source of thoughts, emotions, and memories

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

signals that stimulate muscles to contract and glands to secrete

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

All nervous system structures outside of the CNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

include nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, and sensory receptors

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Central nervous system (CNS) structures:

A

• Brain
• Spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) structures:

A

• Cranial nerves and branches
• Spinal nerves and branches
• Ganglia
• Sensory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Divisions of Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

• Somatic (SNS)
• Autonomic (ANS) nervous systems
• Enteric nervous system (ENS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Sensory neurons from head, body wall, limbs, special sense organs

A

Somatic (SNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Motor neurons to skeletal muscle: voluntary

A

Somatic (SNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Sensory neurons from viscera

A

Autonomic (ANS) nervous systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Motor neurons to viscera (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands): involuntary

A

Autonomic (ANS) nervous systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

“fight-or-flight” or “fight-fright-flight”

A

• Sympathetic (ANS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

“rest-and-digest”

A

Parasympathetic (ANS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

“brain of the gut”

A

Enteric nervous system (ENS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

govern contraction of GI tract smooth muscle to propel food, secretions of the GI tract organs such as acid from the stomach, and activity of GI tract endocrine cells, which secrete hormones (involuntary)

A

Enteric nervous system (ENS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

SNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Smooth muscle,
Cardiac muscle,
Glands

A

ANS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Smooth muscle,
Glands,
Endocrine cells of GI tract

A

ENS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

HISTOLOGY OF NERVOUS TISSUE
Two cell types:

A

• Neurons

• Neuroglia cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Can respond to stimuli and convert stimuli to electrical signals (nerve impulses or action potentials) that travel along neurons

A

Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

support, nourish and protect neurons

A

Neuroglia cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

critical for homeostasis of interstitial fluid around neurons

A

Neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

continue to divide throughout an individual’s lifetime

A

Neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Parts of a Neuron

A

• Cell body (perikaryon or soma)

• Dendrites

• Axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

nucleus, cytoplasm with typical organelles

A

Cell body (perikaryon or soma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

highly branched structures that carry impulses to the cell body

A

Dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

receiving or input portions of a neuron

A

Dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

conducts away from cell body toward another
neuron, muscle or gland

A

Axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Emerges at cone-shaped axon hillock

A

Axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

contain synaptic vesicles that can release neurotransmitters

A

Axon terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Structural Classes of Neuron

A

• Multipolar
• Bipolar
• Unipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Have several or many dendrites and one axon

A

Multipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Most common type in brain and spinal cord

A

Multipolar

56
Q

Have one dendrite and one axon

A

Bipolar

57
Q

Example: in retina of eye and inner ear

A

Bipolar

58
Q

Have fused dendrite and axon

A

Unipolar

59
Q

Sensory neurons of spinal nerves

A

Unipolar

60
Q

Sensory receptors

A

dendrites of unipolar neurons

61
Q

Functional Classes of Neuron

A

• Sensory (afferent)
• Motor (efferent)
• Interneurons (association neurons)

62
Q

sensory neuron forms an action potential in its axon and the action potential is conveyed into the CNS through cranial or spinal nerves. (unipolar)

A

Sensory (afferent)

63
Q

convey action potentials away from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) in the periphery (PNS) through cranial or spinal nerves. (multipolar)

A

Motor (efferent)

64
Q

integrate (process) incoming sensory information from sensory neurons and then elicit a motor response by activating the appropriate motor neurons. (multipolar)

A

Interneurons (association neurons)

65
Q

Cells smaller but much more numerous than neurons

A

Neuroglia

66
Q

Can multiply and divide and fill in brain areas

A

Neuroglia

67
Q

brain tumors derived from neuroglia

A

Gliomas

68
Q

Do not conduct nerve impulses
Do support, nourish and protect neurons

A

Neuroglia

69
Q

Neuroglia of the CNS (4 types)

A

• Astrocytes
• Oligodendrocytes
• Microglia
• Ependymal cells

70
Q

(star shaped): help form blood brain barrier
• regulate the growth, migration of neurons in the brain & play a role in learning and memory

A

Astrocytes

71
Q

have many short branching processes and are found in gray matter.

A

Protoplasmic astrocytes

72
Q

have many long unbranched processes and are located mainly in white matter.

A

Fibrous astrocytes

73
Q

produce myelin in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

74
Q

• protect CNS cells from disease
• function as phagocytes.

A

Microglia

75
Q

form CSF in ventricles

A

Ependymal cells

76
Q

produce myelin around PNS neurons; help to regenerate PNS axons

A

Schwann

77
Q

support neurons in PNS ganglia

A

Satellite cells

78
Q

• Axons covered with a myelin sheath
• Many layers of lipid and protein: insulates neurons
• Increases speed of nerve conduction
• Appears white (in white matter)

A

Myelination

79
Q

gaps in the myelin

A

Nodes of Ranvier

80
Q

are important for rapid signal conduction

A

Nodes

81
Q

Some diseases destroy myelin

A

• Multiple sclerosis
• Tay-Sachs

82
Q

Collections of Nervous Tissue

A

• Clusters of neuron cell bodies
• Bundles of axons

83
Q

cluster of cell bodies in PNS

A

Ganglion

84
Q

Bundles of axons

A

• Nerve
• Tract

85
Q

cluster of cell bodies in PNS

A

Ganglion

86
Q

cluster of cell bodies in CNS

A

Nucleus

87
Q

bundle of axons in PNS

A

Nerve

88
Q

bundle to axons in CNS

A

Tract

89
Q

primarily myelinated axons

A

White matter

90
Q

cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, neuroglia

A

Gray matter

91
Q

white matter (tracts) surround centrally located gray matter “H” of “butterfly”

A

Spinal cord

92
Q

gray matter in thin cortex surrounds white matter (tracts)

A

Brain

93
Q

Axons and dendrite in the PNS can be repaired if cell body is intact and Schwann cells functional. These form a regeneration tube and grow axons or dendrites if scar tissue does not fill the tube

A

Regeneration of PNS neurons

94
Q

• Very limited even if cell body is intact
• Inhibited by neuroglia and by lack of fetal growth- stimulators

A

Regeneration of CNS neurons

95
Q

nerve impulses

A

Action potentials

96
Q

a charge difference across cell membrane (polarization)

A

membrane potential

97
Q

allow ions to move by diffusion from high to low concentration

A

Ion channels

98
Q

four types of ion channels

A

• leak channels,
• ligand-gated channels,
• mechanically gated channels,
• voltage-gated channels

99
Q

allow ions to leak through membrane; there are more for K+ than for Na+

A

Leakage channels

100
Q

opens and closes in response to the binding of a ligand (chemical) stimulus.

A

Ligand-gated channel

101
Q

opens or closes in response to mechanical stimulation in the form of vibration (such as sound waves), touch, pressure, or tissue stretching.

A

Mechanically gated channel

102
Q

opens in response to a change in membrane potential (voltage). Participate in the generation and conduction of action potentials in the axons of all types of neurons.

A

voltage-gated channel

103
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

• Typically –70 mV
• Inside of membrane more negative than outside

104
Q

Inside (more negative) because cytosol has:
• Many negative ions (too large to leak out):
amino acids (in cellular proteins) and
phosphates (as in ATP)
• K+ that easily leaks out through many K+ channels

Outside (more positive) because interstitial fluid has:
• Few negative ions
• Na+ that does not leak out of cell: few Na+ channels
• Membrane “pumps” that quickly pump out Na+ that does leak (diffuse) into cell

A

Caused by presence of ions

105
Q

RMP three major factors

A

(1) unequal distribution of ions in the ECF and cytosol,
(2) inability of most anions to leave the cell
(3) the electrogenic nature of the Na/K ATPases.

106
Q

a sequence of rapidly occurring events that decrease and reverse the membrane potential and then eventually restore it to the resting state.

A

Action Potential (impulse)

107
Q

An initial event (stimulus) is required
• Triggers resting membrane to become more
permeable to Na+
• Causes enough Na+ to enter cell so that cell membrane reaches threshold (~ –55 mv)
• If so, the following events occur: action potential which spreads along neuron or muscle fiber

A

Action Potential (impulse)

108
Q

Na+ channels open à as more Na+ enters cell, membrane potential rises and becomes positive
(-70-> -55 -> 0 + 30 mv)

A

Depolarizing phase

109
Q

K+ channels openàas more K+ leave cell, membrane potential is returned to resting value
(+ 30 -> 0 -> -70 mv)

A

Repolarizing phase

110
Q

May overshoot

A

hyperpolarizing phase

111
Q

Typically depolarization and repolarization take place in about _____________

A

1 millisecond (1/1000 sec)

112
Q

• Levels of ions back to normal by action of Na+/K+
pump
• Refractory period (brief): even with adequate stimulus, cell cannot be activated

A

Recovery

113
Q

If a stimulus is strong enough to cause depolarization to threshold level, the impulse will travel the entire length of the neuron at a constant and maximum strength.

A

All-or-none principle

114
Q

Each section triggers the next locally as even more
Na+ channels are opened (like row of dominos)

A

Nerve impulse conduction (propagation)

115
Q

Types of conduction

A

• Continuous conduction
• Saltatory conduction

116
Q

In unmyelinated fibers; slower form of conduction

A

Continuous conduction

117
Q

In myelinated fibers; faster as impulses “leap” between nodes of Ranvier

A

Saltatory conduction

118
Q

Factors that increase rate of conduction

A

Myelin,
large diameter and
warm nerve fibers

119
Q

(neuron-neuron)

A

Synapse

120
Q

(neuron-muscle fiber)

A

Neuromuscular junction

121
Q

(neuron-gland)

A

Neuroglandular junction

122
Q

Triggered by action potential

A

nerve impulse

123
Q

Sending neuron

A

presynaptic neuron

124
Q

Space between neurons:

A

synaptic cleft

125
Q

Receiving neuron

A

postsynaptic neuron

126
Q

NT serves as ____________ (stimulus) of ion channels

A

chemical trigger

127
Q

Only ______________ release NT

A

presynaptic cells

128
Q

Only ____________ have receptors for NT binding

A

postsynaptic cells

129
Q

Finally, NT must be removed from the cleft. Three possible mechanisms

A

• Diffusion out of cleft
• Destruction by enzymes (such as ACh-ase) in cleft
• Transport back (recycling) into presynaptic cell

130
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

• Biogenic Amines
• Acetylcholine (ACh)
• Neuropeptides
• Amino acids
• Nitric oxide (NO)

131
Q

common in PNS

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

132
Q

on skeletal muscles

A

Stimulatory

133
Q

on cardiac muscle

A

Inhibitory

134
Q

Glutamate, aspartate, gamma aminobutyric acid
(GABA), glycine

A

Amino acids

135
Q

Norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin

A

Biogenic Amines

136
Q

such as endorphins

A

Neuropeptides

137
Q

major inhibitory NT of brain

A

GABA

ANAPHY (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions