day 3 Flashcards
Anti-infective Treatment
Penicillins (Oxacillin, Antipseudomonal)
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
Cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone)
Macrolides (Clarithromycin)
Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin)
restrictive
Chronic Bronchitis
what is it? What are the clinical manifestations
Chronic sputum production with a cough on a daily basis for a minimum of 3 months/year
Chronic hypoxemia/cor pulmonale (right sided HF)
Increased mucus production
Increased bronchial wall thickness (obstructs air flow)
Increased CO2 retention/acidemia
Reduced responsiveness (hypoxemia)
restrictive
Emphysema
what is it? Causes what?
Abnormal enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal alveolar walls
Barrel chest // thin due to energy required to breathe
Increased dyspnea/work of breathing
decreased gas exchange surface area
Increased air trapping (increased anterior-posterior diameter)
Decreased capillary network
Increased work/increased O2 consumption
Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders
two examples
Air flows readily into lungs, trapping occurs in aveoli
Causes prolonged expiratory phase
CO2 can get trapped if alveoli not empty prior to inhalation
hyperinflation with poor elastic recoil
Asthma
status asthmaticuz
COPD
CF
Triggers of asthma attacks
s/s
Triggers of asthma attacks
Allergens
Exercise
Respiratory infections
Cold, dry air
Symptoms
Wheezing
Shortness Of Breath
Cough
Chest tightness
Obstructive: Status Asthmaticus
what can it cause? Symptoms?
Life threatening due to airway obstruction
Physiologic Changes:
Inflammation causing narrowing/ remodelling of the airway
Hyper-responsiveness to irritants: bronchospasms and mucous plugging
Symptoms of Status Asthmaticus
Pulsus paradixus of 25mm Hg or greater
ABG showing hypoxemia with or without hypercapnia
Reduced peak expiratory flow rate (30% or less of predicted value)
Inability to speak or only 1 word phrases
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
what is it? What are the causes?
a respiratory disorder caused largely by smoking
airflow limitation, associated with a chronic inflammatory response in the airways and the lung.
Causes
Cigarette smoking
Occupational chemicals and dusts
Infection
Heredity
Aging
surgical therapy of COPD
Surgical therapy for COPD
Lung volume reduction surgery
Lung transplantation
Pharmacological Treatment of COPD – Similar to Asthma
β2 Adrenergic Agonists
Inhaled: Short Acting
Salbutamol sulfate
Terbutaline
Bitolterol
Inhaled: Long Acting
Salmeterol xinafoate
Corticosteroids
(any of the “sones”
Tuberculosis (TB)
TB is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis or the tubercle bacillus, an acid-fast organism, spread by airborne transmission.
Related to HIV infection
Multidrug-resistant TB
TB medication regimen
Isoniazid
Pyridoxine
Rifampin
Pyrazinamide
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
An autosomal recessive, cuased by altered function of the exocrine glands involving primarily the lungs, pancreas, and sweat glands
Abnormally thick, abundant secretions from mucous glands lead to a chronic, diffuse, obstructive pulmonary disorder in almost all patients.
Chronic fatal respiratory disease
The most common genetic disease
CF
symptoms / managment
Increased work of breathing
Dietary intolerances, weight loss, intestinal gas, bulky and foul-smelling stools, abdominal pain
Delayed menarche, menstrual irregularities, and fertility issues
Respiratory intervention
use of aggressive chest physiotherapy, antibiotics, and bronchodilators.
thoracic surgery type
types
1. Pneumonectomy
Removal of the entire lung (treatment for cancer)
Doesnt need a chest tube
- Lobectomy
- Segmentectomy
- Wedge resection
Pneumothorax and types
Pneumothorax – Clinical Manifestations
Presence of air in the pleural space
Types of pneumothorax
Closed pneumothorax
Open pneumothorax
Tension pneumothorax
Hemothorax
Small: mild tachycardia and dyspnea
Large: respiratory distress, shallow, rapid respirations; dyspnea; decreased O saturation
