Punishment

Question 1

Punishment

Answer 1

response –> consequence contingency that suppresses the future frequency of similar responses

Question 1

When a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of similar responses

Answer 1

a punishment has occurred

Question 2

Punishment is defined by…

Answer 2

neither the actions of the person delivering the consequences nor by the nature of those consequences

Question 3

Punishment qualifies as…

Answer 3

a decrease in the future frequency of the occurrence of the behavior must be observed before a consequence-based intervention

Question 4

Positive Punishment

Answer 4

the presentation of a stimulus immediately following a behavior that results in a decrease in the frequency of the behavior

Question 5

Negative Punishment

Answer 5

the termination of an already present stimulus immediately following a behavior that results in a decrease in the future frequency of the behavior

Question 6

Positive + Negative Punishment can be referred to as …

Answer 6

type I punishment

type II punishment

Question 7

Aversive Control (umbrella term)

Answer 7

intervention involving either or both of these two principles:

1. positive punishment
2. negative reinforcement

Question 8

three-term contingency

Answer 8

S –> R –> SP

Question 8

The suppressive effects of the punishment will be most prevalent under those conditions…

Answer 8

if the punishment occurs only in some stimulus conditions and not others

Question 9

SDP

Answer 9

a stimulus condition in the presence of which a response has a lower probability of occurrence than it does in its absence as a result of response-contingent punishment delivery in the presence of the stimulus

Question 10

when punishment is discontinued its suppressive effects on responding are usually

Answer 10

not permanent

Question 11

Recovery from punishment

Answer 11

permanent response suppression may occur when complete suppression of behavior to a zero rate of responding has been achieved with intense punishment

Question 12

Punish-er

Answer 12

a stimulus change that immediately follows the occurrence of a behavior and reduces the future frequency of that type of behavior

Question 13

Unconditioned Punisher

Answer 13

a stimulus whose presentation functions as punishment without having been paired with any other punishers

product of evolutionary history of a species (phylogeny)

Question 14

Conditioned Punisher

Answer 14

a stimulus change that functions as punishment as a result of a person’s conditioning history

*acquires capability to function as a punisher through stimulus-stimulus pairing with one or more unconditioned or conditioned punishers

Question 15

Generalized Conditioned Punisher

Answer 15

a stimulus change that has been paired with numerous forms of unconditioned and conditioned punishers

*free from control of specific motivating conditions and will function as punishment under most conditions

Question 16

Punishers, like reinforcers, are not defined by…

Answer 16

their physical properties but by their functions

Question 17

Factors that influence the effectiveness

Answer 17

1. immediacy
2. intensity
3. schedule/frequency
4. availability of reinforcement for target behavior
5. availability of reinforcement for an alternative behavior

Question 18

Possible Side Effects/Problems

Answer 18

1. elicitation of undesirable emotional response and aggression
2. escape/avoidance
3. increased rate of problem behavior under non-punishment
4. modeling undesirable behavior
5. not teaching the what TO DO
6. overusing punishment because of the negative reinforcement it provides the punishing agent (punishment loop)

Question 19

Reprimands

Answer 19

delivery of verbal reprimands following the occurrence of misbehavior

*example of attempted positive punishment

Question 20

Response Blocking

Answer 20

physically intervening as soon as the person begins to emit the problem behavior to prevent (block) the completion of the response

*has been shown to be effective in reducing the frequency of some problem behaviors

Question 21

Contingent Exercise

Answer 21

an intervention in which a person is required to perform a response that is not topographically related to the problem behavior

Question 22

Overcorrection

Answer 22

a behavior change tactic based on positive punishment in which, contingent to the problem behavior, the learner is required to engage in effortful behavior that is directly or logically related to the problem

Question 23

Restitutional Overcorrection

Answer 23

contingent on problem behavior, that learner is required to repair/return the environment to its original state + then to engage in additional behavior to bring the environment to a condition vastly better that it was in prior to the misbehavior

Question 24

Positive Practice Overcorrection

Answer 24

contingent on an occurrence of the target behavior the learner is required to repeat a correct form of the behavior or a behavior incompatible with the problem ( a specified number of times)

Question 25

Time-out from Positive Reinforcement

Answer 25

• withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement
• loss of access to reinforcers for a specified time
• contingent upon the occurrence of a target behavior

Question 26

Planned-Ignoring

Answer 26

usually attention, physical contact, or verbal interaction are removed for a brief period

Question 27

Response Cost

Answer 27

• loss of the specific amount of reinforcement
• contingent upon a target behavior
• reduces the future probability of the target behavior

example is loss of tokens

Question 28

Right to safe and humane treatment

Answer 28

first ethical canon and responsibility for any human services program is to do no harm

Question 29

Least Restrictive Alternative

Answer 29

less intrusive procedures should be tried and found to be ineffective before more intrusive procedures are implemented