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PERSPECTIVE IN PHARMACY > MODULE 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE > Flashcards

MODULE 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE Flashcards

1
Q

The science and practice of discovering, producing, preparing, dispensing, reviewing and monitoring medications, aiming to ensure the safe, effective, QUALITY and affordable use of medicines.

A

PHARMACY

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2
Q

Defined as the Profession which is concerned with the art and science of preparing drugs from natural and synthetic sources, and from suitable and convenient dosage form for administration for the treatment and prevention of diseases both of man and of animals.

A

PHARMACY

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3
Q

Embraces the knowledge of the
• identification,
• selection,
• pharmacologic action,
• preservation,
•analysis, and
• standardization of drugs & medicine.

A

PHARMACY

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4
Q

From the Greek word “Pharmakon”—meaning

A

DRUG OR MEDICINE

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5
Q

WHY IS PHARMACY IMPORTANT?

A

•Pharmacists play an important role in helping people get the best results from their medications.

•Pharmacists are medication experts who enhance patient care and promote wellness.

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6
Q

Person considered the expert on drugs or considered as the medication expert.

A

PHARMACIST

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7
Q

It is his legally granted responsibility to handle drugs and to know all about those drugs.

A

PHARMACIST

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8
Q

Also known as a chemist or a druggist , is a healthcare professional who specializes in the preparation, dispensing, and management of medications to ensure safe and effective use, while also providing medication counseling and guidance to patients and healthcare providers.

A

PHARMACIST

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9
Q

Serve as primary care providers in the community, and may offer other services such as health screenings and immunizations.

A

PHARMACIST

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10
Q

A store/outlet where medicinal drugs are prepared, dispensed and sold which is under the supervision of a licensed pharmacist.

A

PHARMACY/PHARMACIES

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11
Q

A drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease or to promote well being.

A

MEDICATION

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12
Q

Also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal drug or simply drug

A

MEDICATION

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13
Q

A chemical substance, typically of known structure, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect.

A

DRUG

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14
Q

FIVE HISTORICAL PERIODS IN PHARMACY

A
  • Ancient Through Early Modern Era: Human prehistory to AD 1500

•Empiric Era: 1600 to 1940

•Industrialization Era: 1940 to 1970

•Patient Care Era: 1970 to present

•Biotechnology and genetic engineering: The new horizon

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15
Q

•Ancient man learned from instinct from observation of birds and beasts.

•Cool water, a leaf, dirt, or mud was his first soothing application.

A

BEFORE THE DAWN OF HISTORY

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16
Q

BEFORE THE DAWN OF HISTORY
Why people got sick before

A

◦ victim of evil forces
◦ god’s anger
◦ disease as a punishment of god

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17
Q

BEFORE THE DAWN OF HISTORY
Use for treating ailment before

A
  • SUPERNATURAL
  • NATURAL RESOURCES
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18
Q

BEFORE THE DAWN OF HISTORY
Healer during the early days

A
  • SHAMAN
  • PRIEST
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19
Q

Jewel of ancient Mesopotamia, often called the cradle of civilization, provides the earliest practice of the art of the apothecary.

A

PHARMACY IN ANCIENT BABYLONIA

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20
Q

Practitioners of healing of this era were priest, pharmacist and physician, all in one.

A

PHARMACY IN ANCIENT BABYLONIA

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21
Q

Medical texts were written on _________ record first the symptoms of illness, the prescription and directions for compounding, then an invocation to the gods.

A

CLAY TABLETS

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22
Q

2 types of medical care in Babylonia

A
  • ASIPU
  • ASU-EMPIRICAL HEALER
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23
Q

Types of medical care in Babylonia
- Magical healer –rely on spells and magical stones

A

ASIPU

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24
Q

Types of medical care in Babylonia
- Make use of plant materials- drew from large collections of drugs and manipulated them into several dosage forms

A

ASU-EMPIRICAL HEALER

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25
Q

PHARMACY IN ANCIENT CHINA
- An emperor who investigated the medicinal value of several hundred herbs.

A

SHEN NONG/ SHEN NUNG

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26
Q

PHARMACY IN ANCIENT CHINA
He have tested many of them on himself and written the first_________ or native herbal, with 350 different drugs.

Medicinal plants included podophyllum, rhubarb, ginseng, stramonium, cinnamon bark, ephedra, ma huang etc.

A

PEN T-SAO

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27
Q

Discovered of various dosage forms, (enemas, infusions, inhalations, lotions etc.)

Plant drugs such as acacia, onions, aloe, castor oil, opium etc.

They prepared drugs with mortar and pestle, hand mills and weighing balances etc.

A

PHARMACY IN ANCIENT EGYPT

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28
Q

PHARMACY IN ANCIENT EGYPT
The best known and most important pharmaceutical record is the_____________ (1500 B.C.), a collection of 800 prescriptions, mentioning 700 drugs.

A

PAPYRUS EBERS

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29
Q

The superstition era;

A

PHARMACY IN ANCIENT GREECE

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30
Q

PHARMACY IN ANCIENT GREECE
(God of the healing art) was believed to impact healing by touching one with his staff or serpent.

A

ASCLEPIUS

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31
Q

PHARMACY IN ANCIENT GREECE
(The goddess of health, cleanliness and sanitation), was also believed to have a healing portion

A

HYGEIA

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32
Q

PHARMACY IN ANCIENT GREECE
The international symbol of the pharmacy profession

A

BOWL OF HYGEIA

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33
Q

Father of Medicine, a Greek physician
•introduction of scientific pharmacy and medicine.
•He showed in his writing and practices the fundamental of scientific method of research.
•starts with observation and classification,
•rejection of unsupported theory, superstition

Wrote the oath of hypocrites

A

HIPPOCRATES

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34
Q

Father of Botany; Greek philosopher and natural scientists; Deals with the medical qualities and peculiarities of herbs

A

THEOPHRASTUS

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35
Q

Greek Physician and Botanist,
•deal with botany as an applied science of pharmacy.
•published De Materia Medica, or, “On Medicinal Substances” in five volumes. The books have recorded what he observed, promulgated excellent rules for collection of drugs, their storage and use.

A

PEDANIUS DIOSCORIDES

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36
Q

ROYAL TOXICOLOGIST; He make the art of poisoning, ( preventing and counteracting poisoning)
•he used himself as well as his prisoners as “guinea pigs” on which to test poisons and antidotes.

A

MITHRIDATES VI, KING OF PONTUS THE ROYAL TOXICOLOGIST

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37
Q

EXPERIMENTER IN DRUG COMPOUNDING
Greek pharmacist–physician
•practiced and taught both Pharmacy and Medicine
•His principles of preparing and compounding medicines
•associated with that class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means - galenicals.
•originator of the formula for a cold cream.

A

CLAUDIUS GALEN

38
Q

An early trademarked drug; advantage of trademarks as a means of identification of source and of gaining customers’ confidence.

A

TERRA SIGILLATA

39
Q

Meaning (Sealed Earth),
A clay tablet originating in the Mediterranean island of Lemnos before 500 B.C.
•One day each year clay was dug from a pit on a Lemnian hillside in the presence of governmental and religious dignitaries.
•Washed, refined, rolled to a mass of proper thickness, the clay was formed into pastilles and impressed with an official seal by priestesses, then sun-dried.
•The tablets were then widely distributed commercially.

A

TERRA SIGILLATA

40
Q

Patron saints; Twin ship of the health professions

A

DAMIAN AND COSMAS

41
Q

PATRON SAINTS
The apothecary (Pharmacy)

A

DAMIAN

42
Q

PATRON SAINTS
The physician (Medicine)

A

COSMAS

43
Q

Gathered herbs and simples in the field, or raised them in their own herb gardens.

•These they prepared according to the art of the apothecary for the benefit of the sick and injured.
•Manuscripts from many islands were translated or copied for monastery libraries

A

MONKS/ MONASTIC PHARMACY

44
Q

First Apothecary shops

A

ARABIAN ERA

45
Q

Separated the arts of apothecary and physician,

•first privately owned drug stores.
•developing with the aid of their natural resources syrups, confections, conserves, distilled waters and alcoholic liquids.

A

ARABS/ ARABIAN ERA

46
Q

THE “PERSIAN GALEN”
He was a pharmacist, poet, physician, philosopher and diplomat.

•He gave contribution to the sciences of pharmacy and medicine by his pharmaceutical teachings.

A

AVICENNA (Ibn Sina)

47
Q

Was Emperor of Germany as well as King of Sicily, was In his palace in Palermo, he presented subject Pharmacists with the first European edict, which is known as the Magna Carta of Pharmacy .

in Sicily and southern Italy, Pharmacy was separated from Medicine.

A

FREDERICK II OF HOHENSTAUFEN

48
Q

The three decrees of the Magna Carta
(1) The pharmaceutical profession was to be separated from the medical profession
(2) The pharmaceutical profession should be supervised officially
(3) Pharmacists should take an oath to prepare drugs reliably, according to skilled art and in a uniform suitable quality.

A

MAGNA CARTA OF PHARMACY

49
Q

He is known as the Father of Modern Plant Chemistry.

Greatest Of The Pharmacists-Chemists; Discovered oxygen, chlorine, prussic acid, tartaric acid, tungsten, molybdenum, glycerin, nitroglycerin, and countless other organic compounds

A

CARL WILHELM SCHEELE

50
Q

A Swiss physician and chemist who influenced the transformation of pharmacy from a profession based primarily on botanical science to one based on chemical science.

•He believed it was possible to prepare a specific medicinal agent to combat each specific disease and introduced a host of chemical substances to internal therapy.

A

PHILIPPUS AUREOLUS THEOPHRASTUS BOMBASTUS von HOHENHEIN-PARACELSUS

51
Q

THE FIRST OFFICIAL PHARMACOPOEIA
Originally written in Italian, was published and became the legal standard for the city-state in 1498.

• It was the result of collaboration of the Guild of Apothecaries and the Medical Society - one of the earliest manifestations of constructive interprofessional relations.

A

NUOVO RECEPTARIO

52
Q

THE SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES OF LONDON
(Philosopher-politician) formed a separate company known as the “Master, Wardens and Society of the Art and Mystery of the Apothecaries of the City of London”.

•This was the first organization of pharmacists in the Anglo-Saxon world.

A

FRANCIS BACON

53
Q

THE GOVERNOR WHO HEALED THE SICK
He is a politician-physician and first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony with broad interests in chemistry, metallurgy, astronomy, botany, and Materia Medica.

•He developed “sovereign remedy” that he called “rubila,” which he believed was effective in the treatment of measles, colics, headaches, sciatica and many other ailment

A

JOHN WINTHROP

54
Q

THE MARSHALL APOTHECARY
Established his apothecary shop in Philadelphia in 1729.

•During 96 years, this pioneer pharmaceutical enterprise became a leading retail store, nucleus of large-scale chemical manufacturing; a “practical” training school for pharmacists; an important supply depot during the Revolution;

A

CHRISTOPHER MARSHALL

55
Q

THE MARSHALL APOTHECARY
America’s first woman pharmacist.

A

CHRISTOPHER MARSHALL’S GRANDDAUGHTER, ELIZABETH

56
Q

THE MARSHALL APOTHECARY
Christopher earned the title of__________ during the Revolution; his sons, Charles and Christopher, Jr.

A

“THE FIGHTING QUAKER”

57
Q

FIRST HOSPITAL IN COLONIAL AMERICA

A

Colonial America’s first hospital (Pennsylvania) was established in Philadelphia in 1751.

•The first Hospital Pharmacy began in 1752.

58
Q

FIRST HOSPITAL IN COLONIAL AMERICA
The first Hospital Pharmacist was

A

JONATHAN ROBERTS

59
Q

FIRST HOSPITAL IN COLONIAL AMERICA
Jonathan Robert’s successor, whose practice as a hospital pharmacist (1755-56), First as pharmacist, later as physician, he advocated prescription writing and championed independent practice of two profession, is

A

JOHN MORGAN

60
Q

AMERICA’S FIRST APOTHECARY GENERAL
The first man to hold the rank of a commissioned pharmaceutical officer in an American army was the Bostonian apothecary,

A

ANDREW CRAIGIE

61
Q

AMERICA’S FIRST APOTHECARY GENERAL
His duties included procurement, storage, manufacture, and distribution of the Army’s drug requirements.

•He also developed an early wholesaling and manufacturing business.

A

ANDREW CRAIGIE

62
Q

FIRST OF THE ALKALOID CHEMISTS
German apothecary, discovered opium’s chief narcotic principle, morphine;

•recognize and prove the importance of a new class of organic substances: alkaloids

A

FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADAM SERTURNER

63
Q

French pharmacists, isolated emetine from ipecacuanha in 1817;

•strychnine and brucine from nux vomica
•Peruvian barks that were so useful against malaria.
•separation of quinine and cinchonine from the cinchona barks;

A

PIERRE-JOSEPH PELLETIER AND JOSEPH BIENAIMÉ CAVENTOU

64
Q

AMERICAN PHARMACY BUILDS ITS FOUNDATIONS Faced with two major threats; deterioration of the practice of pharmacy, and a discriminatory classification by the University of Pennsylvania medical faculty,

•the pharmacists of Philadelphia formed an association, which became____________

Sixty-eight pharmacists signed the Constitution of the first pharmaceutical association in the United States.

A

PHILADELPHIA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

65
Q

THE SHAKERS AND MEDICINAL HERBS
- U.S. industry in medicinal herbs (in 1820).

  • Gathered or cultivated some 200 varieties; dried, chopped, and pressed them into “bricks”; wrapped, labeled, and sold them to pharmacists and physicians world-wide.
  • Label was recognized for reliability and quality for more than a century.
A

SHAKERS

66
Q

THE AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION

A

•Under the leadership of its first President, Daniel B. Smith, and first Secretary, William Procter, Jr.,

•twenty delegates launched The American Pharmaceutical Association and opened membership to “all pharmaceutists and druggists”

67
Q

THE FATHER OF AMERICAN PHARMACY

A

•William Procter, Jr., graduated from The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1837

•leader in founding The American Pharmaceutical Association

•served that organization as its first secretary; later, as its president.

68
Q

A REVOLUTION IN PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION L Launched the pharmacy course at the University of Michigan in 1868,

•he abandoned the traditional requirement of pre graduation apprenticeship.

A

DR. ALBERT B. PRESCOTT

69
Q

A REVOLUTION IN PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION

A

At the 1871 convention of the American Pharmaceutical Association, he was denied credentials and the Michigan course pioneered other major changes: laboratory pharmacy, a definite curriculum that included basic sciences, and a program that demanded students’ full-time attention.

•During the next thirty years, Dr. Prescott had the satisfaction of seeing his once revolutionary innovations generally adopted by pharmaceutical faculties.

70
Q

THE PHARMACOPOEIA COMES OF AGE

A

The first “United States Pharmacopoeia” (1820) was the work of the medical profession.
•It was the first book of drug standards from a professional source to have achieved a nation’s acceptance.
•In 1877, the “U.S.P.” was in danger of dissolution due to the lack of interest of the medical profession.

71
Q

THE PHARMACOPOEIA COMES OF AGE
manufacturing pharmacist as well as physician, took the problem to The American Pharmaceutical Association convention.
•Pharmacists formed a “Committee on Revision” chair manned by hospital pharmacist Charles Rice, assisted by pharmacist-educator Joseph P. Remington, and by Dr. Squibb, their indefatigable collaborator. The “U.S. Pharmacopoeia” surged to new importance.

A

DR. EDWARD SQUIBB

72
Q

THE STANDARDIZATION OF PHARMACEUTICALS
introduced standardized “Liquor Ergotae Purificatus” in 1879.

A

PARKE DAVIS & COMPANY

73
Q

THE STANDARDIZATION OF PHARMACEUTICALS
as the firm’s Chief Chemist, further developed methods of alkaloidal assay.

A

DR. ALBERT BROWN LYONS

74
Q

THE STANDARDIZATION OF PHARMACEUTICALS

A

Messrs. Parke and Davis recognized the value of his work, and in 1883, announced a list of twenty standardized “normal liquids.

•” Parke-Davis also pioneered in developing pharmacologic and physiologic standards for pharmaceuticals.

75
Q

PHARMACAL INVENTOR
-French retail pharmacist, combining scientific knowledge with technical skill and with inventive genius
•Among the many devices which he introduced to Pharmacy and Medicine
◦medicine dropper;
◦the system of coloring poisons (such as corrosive sublimate);
◦wafer cachets (which found favor prior to mass production of the gelatin capsule).
•His greatest contributions,
◦apparatus for the inhalation and therapeutic administration of oxygen;
◦glass ampoules that could be sealed and sterilized for preservation of solutions for hypodermic use.

A

STANISLAS LIMOUSIN

76
Q

THE ERA OF BIOLOGICALS

A

1894, Behring and Roux announced the effectiveness of diphtheria antitoxin,

•Parke Davis & Company was among the pioneers. The serum became available in 1895, and lives of thousands of children were saved.

•1903, Parke-Davis received U.S. Biological License No. 1.

•New, improved biological products have continued to become available, climaxed in 1955 by poliomyelitis vaccine.

77
Q

THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMOTHERAPY
French pharmacist
•Research in the development of new chemical compounds specifically created to fight disease-causing organisms in the body
•headed chemical laboratories in the world-renowned Institut Pasteur, in Paris.
•His early work with bismuth and arsenic compounds advanced the treatment of syphilis.
•He broke the German secret of a specific for sleeping sickness; paved the way for the life-saving sulfonamide compounds; and from his laboratories came the first group of chemicals having recognized antihistaminic properties. His work led other investigators to broad fields of chemotherapeutic research.

A

ERNEST FRANCOIS AUGUSTE FOURNEAU

78
Q

Large numbers of war-related injuries led to the growth of industrial manufacturing in order to meet the need for pharmaceutical products

•Firms other than the pharmacies themselves began centralized manufacturing of medicinal preparations

A

INDUSTRIALIZATION ERA

79
Q

INDUSTRIALIZATION ERA

A

The periods of development of manufacturing pharmacy began as follows:
◦Formative (1867)
◦Botanical (1875)
◦Standardization (1882)
◦Biological (1895)
◦Organic Chemical Synthesis (1883)
◦Hormones (1901)
◦Vitamins (1909)
◦Antibiotics (1940)

80
Q

THE ERA OF ANTIBIOTICS

A

Antibiotics are not new. Their actions probably were first observed by Pasteur in 1877
• Fleming’s discovery of penicillin in 1929 went undeveloped and Florey and Chain studied it in 1940.
•Under pressure of World War II, the pharmaceutical manufacturers rapidly adapted mass production methods to penicillin; have reduced costs to 1/1000th the original.
•Antibiotic discoveries came rapidly in the ‘40’s. Intensive research continues to find antibiotics that will conquer more of men’s microbial enemies.

81
Q

Many retail pharmacists protested the industrialization of manufacturing

Industrialization brought about:
Biologically prepared products
Complex chemical synthesis
Increased use of parenteral medications
Standardized manufacturing

A

INDUSTRIALIZATION ERA

82
Q

•Increased concentration on rational, targeted research through the use of computers

•Well-coordinated teams of scientists and other professions such as statisticians and financial managers worked together

•Multiple drug therapy led to adverse reactions, interactions, and therapeutic outcomes that were greater than or less than desired

•Patient-focused drug therapy evolved, centered on drug control or drug monitoring

•C.D. Hepler established the concept of pharmaceutical in the late 1980s

A

PATIENT CARE ERA

83
Q

•Area of pharmacy concerned with science and practice of rational medication use.

•Patient centered services that promote the appropriate selection, utilization and monitoring of medications.

•Its objectives is to optimize individual improve therapeutic outcome

A

CLINICAL PHARMACY CONCEPT

84
Q

use of microorganisms to produce drugs, hormones, and other products

A

BIOTECHNOLOGY

85
Q

the scientific alteration of the structure of genetic material in a living organism
•Research into gene therapy and genetic defects has greatly increased

A

GENETIC ENGINEERING

86
Q

involved in the pursuit of cures for major diseases such as cancer

A

GENETIC RESEARCH

87
Q

First Drugstore In The Philippines
first drugstore in the Philippines is an institution that served as a soda fountain and drug company at the old Escolta. It was founded in 1830 by a young Spanish physician-pharmacist named Dr. Lorenzo Negrao.

A

BOTICA BOIE

88
Q

Botica boie was founded by

A

Dr. Lorenzo Negrao

89
Q

IST PHARMACY SCHOOL IN THE PHILIPPINES

A

the University of Santo Tomas which was founded in 1611, offered the course in BS Pharmacy and licentiate in pharmacy.

90
Q

first Filipino to study pharmacy and Father of Philippine Pharmacy

A

DON LEON MA. GUERRERO

91
Q

IST COLLEGE OF CENTRO ESCOLAR
UNIVERSITY

A

CEU WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1907
•COLLEGE OF PHARMACY WAS THE IST COLLEGE OPENED IN 1921.
•THE FIRST DEAN IS DR VALERIO JARHLING WHO PREPARED THE “TIKI TIKI “

PERSPECTIVE IN PHARMACY (10 decks)

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