Spoken Lanuage Features- Miss Matthews

Question 1

Accent

Answer 1

The ways in which words are pronounced

Question 2

Adjacency pairs

Answer 2

Parallel expressions used across the boundaries of individual speaking turns
E.g. “how are you/ I’m fine”

Question 3

Back-channel

Answer 3

Words, phrases and non verbal utterances used by listeners to give feedback to speaker to show they are listening
E.g. “I see, oh”

Question 4

Contraction

Answer 4

A reduced form offer markers by an apostrophe in writing
E.g. cannot= can’t

Question 5

Deixis/ deictics

Answer 5

Refers backwards or forwards or outside a text
E.g. this, that, here, (anaphoric and cataphoric referencing)

Question 6

Dialect

Answer 6

Distinctive grammar and vocabulary which is associated with a region

Question 7

Discourse marker

Answer 7

Used to signal the relationship and connections between utterances
E.g. other the other hand, so anyways etc

Question 8

Elision

Answer 8

The omission or slurring of one or more sounds or syllables
E.g. wannabe = want to be

Question 9

Ellipsis

Answer 9

The omission of part of a grammatical structure which conveys a more casual and informal tone
E.g “you going to the party?/ might be”

Question 10

False start

Answer 10

When the speaker begins an utterance, then stops. Self correction

Question 11

Filler

Answer 11

Items which do not carry a conventional meaning which are inserted in speech to allow time to think to create a pause or to hold a turn in conversation
E.g. um, arh, like

Question 12

Grices Maxims

Answer 12

Basic conversational rules for successful conversation
Quantity
Relevance
Manner
Quality

Question 13

Hedge

Answer 13

Words or phrases which soften or weaken the force of what is said
E.g. perhaps, I think

Question 14

Idiolect

Answer 14

An individually distinctive style of speaking

Question 15

Openings

Answer 15

Conversation starters
E.g excuse me

Question 16

Turn taking

Answer 16

We are sensitive to cues that someone else wants to speak

Question 17

Tag questions

Answer 17

Questions attached to the end of a statement
E.g innit, dyknow what I mean

Question 18

Adjacency pairs

Answer 18

Two part exchanges that follow a predictable pattern
E.g. how are you?/ I’m fine

Question 19

Topic shifts, topic starters, topic loops

Answer 19

All terms concerned with what people are talking about

Question 20

Repair

Answer 20

Correcting your own mistake or listener wants something to be repeated

Question 21

Feedback

Answer 21

Shows that listener is listening
E.g. a nod, “I see”

Question 22

Pre closing signals

Answer 22

Ways of indicating the conversation is ending

Question 23

Closing sequences

Answer 23

Signing off conversation
E.g. goodbye

Question 24

Phatic communication

Answer 24

Phrases which have merely a social function- small talk
E.g. the weather is awful today

Question 25

Deictic expressions

Answer 25

Need the reference point (e.g. pronouns) of the conversation to make sense
E.g. over there, tomorrow

Question 26

Accommodation Theory

Answer 26

We adjust our speech to suit others

Question 27

Convergence

Answer 27

Making accent similar to those around us

Question 28

Divergence

Answer 28

Making language / accent different to usual

Question 29

Maxim of quantity

Answer 29

Saying not more or less than is required

Question 30

Maxim of relevance

Answer 30

What is said should be relevant

Question 31

Maxim of manner

Answer 31

Avoidance of ambiguity and obscurity

Question 32

Maxim of quality

Answer 32

Being truthful as far as you know

Question 33

Face

Answer 33

The image of ourselves we present when we speak (outer appearance we display to influence how people perceive you)
Linked to status and politeness

Question 34

The Politeness Principle (Lakeoff 1973) (3)

Answer 34

Don’t impose
Give options
Make your receivers feel good

Question 35

Positive politeness

Answer 35

Showing we like another person by valuing them in our conversation

Question 36

Negative politeness

Answer 36

We try avoid intruding on others
E.g. “sorry to disturb you” or calling a superior by their formal title