Anatomy Flashcards
Rostral-Caudal
Dorsal-Ventral
Medial-Lateral
Where is dorsal above midbrain and lower?
Superior-Inferior
Posterior-Anterior
Front-Back
Top-Bottom
Middle-Surface
Above - Dorsal going up
Lower - Dorsal going to back
Top-Bottom
Front-Back
Sagital (Midsagital section)
Coronal (Frontal section)
Axial (Horizontal/Transverse section)
Slice vertically thru middle
Slice vertically thru front
Slice horizontally
Neurotransmission vs Neuromodulation
Fast EPSPs/IPSPs, bind to ionotropic receptors
Slow, bind to metabotropic receptors + second messenger signalling cascades
(Excitatory/Inhibitory/Neuromodulator? Where does it come from?)
Dopamine
Glutamate
GABA
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Neuromodulator
Midbrain (Substantia nigra, pars compacta, ventral tegmantal area)
Excitatory
Entire CNS
Inhibitory
Entire CNS
Neuromodulator
Striatum (caudate, putamen)
Neuromodulator
Pons (Locus cereleus, lateral tegmental area)
Neuromodulator
Midbrain, pons, medulla (raphe nuclei)
Afferent vs Efferent nerve fibers
Carry SENSORY INFO from periphery to CNS
Carry MOTOR INFO from CNS to periphery
What lobes in the cerebral cortex do these sulci separate?
- Central sulcus
- Lateral sulcus
- Parieto-occupital sulcus
Frontal + Parietal
Frontal + Temporal
Occipital + Parietal
Primary Motor Cortex (M1)
- Corticotubular vs Corticospinal tract
Secondary Motor Cortex (M2)
(Frontal cortex)
- Voluntary movements + Motor homonuculus
- Corticobulbar tract: Synapses in cranial nerve motor nuclei (brainstem) for facial movement
- Corticospinal tract: Projects to spinal cord to interneurons that contact lower motor neurons
— - Motor planning, gaze movements
- Premotor area, supplementary motor area (SMA), frontal eye field (FEF)
Prefrontal cortex
- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Dysexecutive syndrome)
- Orbitofrontal cortex (Disinhibited syndrome)
- Medial prefrontal/Anterior cingulate cortex (Akinetic syndrome)
- Executive functions
- Disease causes dysexecutive syndrome (Preservation, impaired problem solving, mental flexibility, self-monitoring, memory)
— - Conscious control of behav + emotional regulation
- Disease causes disinhibited syndrome (Behav disinhibition, impulsivity, emotional dysregulation, anosmia, memory intact)
— - Attention, behavioural inhibition, motivation, social cognition, memory
- Disease causes akinetic syndrome (Aspontaneity, apathy, memory impairment)
Somatosensory cortex
Posterior parietal cortex
(Parietal lobe)
- Primary somatosensory cortex (S1) + Secondary (S2)
- Touch, proprioception, pain, temperature
— - Integrates somatosensory info w/ visual + auditory info
- For control of movement and processing of visual word info
Occipital lobe
Dorsal and ventral stream projections from primary visual cortex (V1)
- Processes visual info
- Dorsal to parietal - Where pathway
- Ventral to temporal - What pathway
Heschl’s gyrus
Medial temporal lobe
(Temporal lobe)
- Site of primary auditory cortex for auditory processing
- Projects to auditory association cortex for analysis of complex sounds
- Lateral specialization (Left-Speech, Right-Nonverbal enviro sounds)
— - Contains parahippocampal cortex, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex, amygdala
- Declarative memory
Insular cortex
- Within lateral sulcus, connects w/ many brain regions
- Cognition, motor control, homeostasis, interceptive awareness (internal body states)
Cingulate cortex
- Anterior cingulate cortex
- Posterior cingulate cortex
- Retrospenial cortex
Amygdala
Nucleus accumbens
- Cognition/emotions
- Visuospatial orientation (Diff from dorsal/ventral stream on surface)
- Memory
— - Inputs from visual/auditory/olfactory/somatosensory cortices + connects to orbifrontal cortex
- Expression of fear/anxiety + tag affective features to visual/auditory info
— - In basal forebrain
- Receives dopamine inputs from ventral tegmental area (VTA)
- Motivation + reward-assoc learning
Diencephalon
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
Basal ganglia
Brain stem
Substantia nigra
- Relay center for transmitting info to cerebral cortex
- Maintain homeostasis
— - Motor function
- Includes subthalamic nucleus, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
— - Basic functions for survival, info passing between hemispheres
- Medulla, pons, midbrain
— - Basal ganglia (midbrain), divided into pars compacta and pars reticula
- Pars compacta has nigrostriatal pathway for voluntary movement
Vagus nerve
- Afferent and efferent fibres
- Cranial nerve interacting w/ internal organs
