Biologyical Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Monomer

A

Small units from which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

Polymer

A

Molecules made from large numbers of monomers joined together

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3
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made. Glucose, galactose and fructose.

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4
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Two molecules join together creating a glycosidic bond. Water molecule is formed- eliminated out of molecules

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5
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

A molecule of water is added to break the chemical bond between the molecules

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6
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

By condensation of two monosaccharides.

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7
Q

Disaccharide maltose

A

Two glucose molecules

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8
Q

Disaccharide sucrose

A

Glucose and fructose molecule

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9
Q

Disaccharide lactose

A

Glucose and galactose molecule

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10
Q

Isomers of glucose

A

ALPHA- glucose and BETA- glucose

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11
Q

How are polysaccharides formed?

A

Condensation of many glucose units

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12
Q

Amylose in plant cells

A

Release glucose for respiration.
Breaks up starch into maltose.
Energy store.

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13
Q

Glycogen I’m animal cells

A

Broken down into glucose which is released into bloodstream to be used as fuel for cell.
Energy store.

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14
Q

Cellulose in plant cells

A

Holds cell together.
Provides strength.
Provides rigidity.

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15
Q

Properties of starch and glucose

A

Compact.
Easily hydrolysed.
No osmotic effect.
Insoluble.

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16
Q

Properties of cellulose

A

Insoluble.
High tensile strength.
Flexible.
Strong cell walls.

17
Q

Reducing sugars test

A

Benedict’s:
Add 3cm^3 of sugar solution to 5cm^3 of Benedict’s in a test tube.
Heat(boiling water in hot water bath. 5 minutes.
Observe colour change: low- blue/green. Medium- orange. High- brick red.

18
Q

Reducing sugar

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Maltose
Lactose

19
Q

Test for non-reducing sugar

A

Boil acid (HCL) to hydroxide the covalent bond. Then neutralise (with sodium hydrogrencarbonate). Then boil with Benedict’s.

20
Q

Non-reducing sugars

A

Sucrose

21
Q

Triglycerides

A

Group of lipid
Important energy store in animals and plants.
One glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids, joined by a condensation reaction

22
Q

Phospholipid

A

One phosphate, one glycerol and 2 fatty acids.
Form a bilateral naturally: hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails.
All biological membranes are made up of a phospholipid bilayer.

23
Q

Functions of lipids

A

Waterproofing (insoluble, waxy cuticle)
Energy store (more energy per unit gram than any other food molecule type.)
Thermal insulation (adipose tissue- cushioning organs)
Membrane structure (made of phospholipid)
Electrical insulation (nerve fibres surrounded by fatty myelin sheath)
Steroid hormones (made from cholesterol)

24
Q

How is the ester bond formed

A

Condensation reaction between glycerol and fatty acid

25
Q

Fatty acids

A

Long hydrocarbon chains.
With a carboxylic acid group.
R-group maybe saturated or unsaturated.

26
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

NO carbon double bonds.
E.g. triglycerides (straight)

27
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

HAVE double carbon bonds
Monosaturated: one
Polusaturated: more than one
Double bonds = kinks

28
Q

Emulsion test for fats

A

Dissolve sample in water.
Pour alcohol in water (ethanol) n
OUTCOMES:
P: cloudy
N- water stays clear

29
Q

Alpha and beta glucose

A

CH2OH
ALPHA: OH is on bottom of Carbon 4 bond
BETA: OH is on top of carbon 4 bond