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Biology 228: Microbiology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What did microbiologists first think of DNA?

A

It was discovered and characterized long before its role in heredity was understood.

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2
Q

What was the first experiment done in the 1850s/1860s by Gregor Mendel?

A

he experimented with true-breeding garden peas to demonstrate the heritability of specific observable traits.

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3
Q

What are nucleic acids composed of?

A

Nucleotides

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4
Q

What does each nucleotide contain?

A

A pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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5
Q

What do deoxyribonucleotides contain?

A

Deoxyribose as the pentose sugar.

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6
Q

Which side of the molecule is the phosphate group at (5’ or 3’)?

A

5’ phosphate group

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7
Q

Which side of the molecule is the hydroxyl group at (5’ or 3’)?

A

3’ hydroxyl group

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8
Q

What is the difference between nucleotides and a nucleic acid strand?

A

Nucleotides are linked together by phosphodiester bonds between the 5ʹ phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3ʹ hydroxyl group of another. A nucleic acid strand has a free phosphate group at the 5ʹ end and a free hydroxyl group at the 3ʹ end.

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9
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A
  • Cytosine and thymine
  • One ring
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10
Q

What are the purines?

A
  • Adenine and guanine
  • Two rings
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11
Q

Which purines pair with which pyrimidines?

A

Guanine and cytosine
Adenine and thymine

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12
Q

What type of bonds hold together A & T?

A

Two hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

What type of bonds hold together G & C?

A

Three hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

What is antiparallel?

A

Parallel but oppositely directed or oriented.

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15
Q

What does it mean that DNA is composed of two complementary strands oriented antiparallel?

A

The strands are parallel to each other, but the 5’ directionality is opposite on each.

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16
Q

What can be done to break the hydrogen bonds?

A

Heat or chemicals can be added to break hydrogen bonds.

17
Q

How can bonds be reformed (renaturation or reannealing) between complimentary bases?

A

By cooling or removing chemicals.

18
Q

How is DNA transmitted from parent to offspring?

A

Vertical gene transfer

19
Q

What are three traits of ribonucleic acid (RNA)?

A
  • Single stranded
  • Contains ribose as its pentose sugar
  • Pyrimidine uracil instead of thymine
20
Q

What are the three main types of RNA?

A
  • Messenger RNA
  • Ribosomal RNA
  • Transfer RNA
21
Q

What is messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

Serves as the intermediary between DNA and the synthesis of protein products during translation.

22
Q

What is ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

A

A type of stable RNA that is a major constituent of ribosomes. It ensures the proper alignment of the mRNA and the ribosomes during protein synthesis and catalyzes the formation of the peptide bonds between two aligned amino acids during protein synthesis.

23
Q

What is transfer RNA (tRNA)?

A

A small type of stable RNA that carries an amino acid to the corresponding site of protein synthesis in the ribosome.

24
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire genetic content of a cell.

25
Q

What are genes?

A

Genes code for proteins, or stable RNA molecules, each of which carries out a specific function in the cell.

26
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic make-up of an individual organism.

27
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The observable characteristics of a cell (or organism) at a given point in time.

28
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes contain the DNA that controls the cellular activities.

29
Q

What are prokaryote chromosomes like?

A

Haploid, having a singular circular chromosome found in the nucleoid.

30
Q

What are eukaryote chromosomes like?

A

Diploid, DNA is organized into multiple linear chromosomes found in the nucleus.

31
Q

What is supercoiling and DNA packaging used for?

A

Using DNA binding proteins allows lengthy molecules to fit inside a cell.

32
Q

What do eukaryotes and archaea use as binding proteins?

A

Histone proteins
(Bacteria use different proteins with similar functions)

33
Q

What is the function of noncoding DNA?

A

Not well understood.
- Some noncoding DNA appears to participate in the formation of small noncoding RNA molecules that influence gene expression
- Some appears to play a role in maintaining chromosomal structure and in DNA packaging.

34
Q

What is extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes?

A

Includes the chromosomes found within organelles of prokaryotic origin (mitochondria and chloroplasts) that evolved by endosymbiosis.

35
Q

What is extrachromosomal DNA in prokaryotes?

A

Commonly maintained as plasmids that encode a few nonessential genes that may be helpful under specific conditions (can be spread via horizontal gene transfer).

Biology 228: Microbiology (20 decks)

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