Definition Flashcards

Question 1

Q

Reproduction

Answer

A

is the process by which genetic material is passed from one generation to the next. The major function of the reproductive system is to produce offspring.

Question 2

Q

mammary glands

Answer

A

accessory organs of the reproductive system, are milk, producing glands of the female breasts.
After giving birth, hormone stimulates the secretion of milk.

Question 3

Q

female reproductive system

Answer

A

Includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, accessory glands, and external genital structures.

Question 4

Q

gonad
an organ that produces ovum or sperm

The gonads, ovaries and testis produce ova and sperm as well as the hormones necessary for proper functioning of the reproductive organs

Answer

A

The ovaries are the female gonads.

means an organ that produces ova or sperm

-produces the reproductive cells.

Question 5

Q

genitals or genitalia

Answer

A

The reproductive organs weather male or female

Include both external and internal organs

Question 6

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gynecology

Answer

A

Is the medical specialty that treats diseases of the female reproductive organs.

Question 7

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Gynecologic

Answer

A

Means pertaining to gynecology (GYN), or the study of diseases that occur only in females.

Question 8

Q

vulva

Answer

A

Refers to the external female genitalia

Refers to the external genitalia in the female

Question 9

Q

vulv/ar vulv/al
vulvar vulval

Answer

A

Means pertaining to the vulva

Question 10

Q

mons pubis

Answer

A

is a pad of fatty tissue and thick skin that overlies (a bone called the symphysis) the front of the pubic bone.

The pubis is the anterior portion of the hip bones.

After puberty, the mons pubis is covered with hair.

Question 11

Q

clitoris

Answer

A

Is a small mass of erectile tissue and nerves that has similarities to the male penis.
This small mass of erectile tissue becomes erect in response to sexual stimulation.

Question 12

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labia minora

Answer

A

One of the pairs of skin folds that protect the vagina opening.

merges and forms a hood over the clitoris

Labia minora is the smaller pair

Question 13

Q

labia majora

Answer

A

The larger pair of skin folds that protects the vaginal opening

Question 14

Q

prepuce

Answer

A

The retractable cover around the clitoris
(the smaller pair of skin folds, labia minora)

Question 15

Q

Vestibule

Answer

A

paraurethral glands
vestibular glands

Question 16

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perineum

Answer

A

The area between the vaginal opening and the anus

Question 17

Q

perineal

Answer

A

Means pertaining to the perineum

Question 18

Q

uro/genit/al
urogenital

genito/urinary
genitourinary (GU)

Answer

A

Means pertaining to the urinary and reproductive systems

Question 19

Q

symphysis pubis

Answer

A

Anterior portion of the hip bone

Question 20

Q

two pairs of skin folds

Answer

A

Singular form
Labia majora labium majus
Labia minora labium minus

Protects the vaginal opening.

Question 21

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paraurethral glands

Answer

A

They are located near the urethra

Question 22

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vestibular gland

Answer

A

lie adjacent to the vaginal opening

Question 23

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vestibule

Answer

A

Is any space or cavity at the entrance to a cCana.

Question 24

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vaginal vestibule

Answer

A

Is the space between the two labia minora into which the urethra and vagina open.

Question 25

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Bartholin glands (the greater vestibular gland)

Answer

A

produce a mucus-like secretion for lubrication during sexual intercourse

Question 26

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Offspring

Answer

A

The purpose of reproduction is to produce

Question 27

Q

primary reproductive structures

Answer

A

The right ovary and left ovary because they produce ova (eggs) and hormones.
The right ovary and left ovary because they produce over

Question 28

Q

ova
ovum (singular)

Question 29

Q

Ovary (2)

Answer

A

Produces ova

are the primary reproductive structures because they produce ova (eggs) and hormones

-about the size and shape of an almond

Question 30

Q

uterine tube

Answer

A

Is associated with each ovary

Question 31

Q

uterus

Answer

A

Receives a nurtures of fertilized ovum

Is the muscular organ that prepares to receive and nurture the fertilized ovum

Hollow and pear-shaped

Question 32

Q

cervix uteri commonly called uterine cervix (Cx)

Answer

A

Outlet from the uterus

The lower and narrow part that has the outlet from the uterus

When used alone, the term cervix often means the cervix uteri.

Question 33

Q

vagina

Answer

A

Birth canal

is the connection between the internal genitalia and the outside?

Question 34

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internal structures of the female genitalia

Answer

A

ovaries
uterus
vagina
several glands

Question 35

Q

Fallopian tube
Aka uterine tubes

Answer

A

is associated with each ovary. these tubes are also called uterine tubes, because they extend laterally from the upper portion of the uterus to the region of the ovary.

The fallopian tube is the most common site of fertilization of the ovum, which disintegrates or dies within 24 to 48 hours if it is not fertilized.

Question 36

Q

fimbriae

Answer

A

finger like projections of the fallopian tube
When an ovum is produced, the fimbriae create currents that sweep the ovum into the tube, and it is then carried along toward the uterus over the next 5 to 7 days.

Question 37

Q

Menstruation

Answer

A

Periodic shedding of the inner lining of the uterus, occurs in the non-pregnant uterus from puberty until menopause, usually between 45 and 55 years of age.

Question 38

Q

External structures of the female genitalia

Answer

A

mons pubis
Libia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris
Prepuce
Openings for glands

Question 39

Q

Vagina

Answer

A

Commonly called the birth canal, is muscular and capable of sufficient expansion for passage of the child during childbirth.
It also serves as the repository for sperm during intercourse and the passage for menstrual flow.

Question 40

Q

vaginal orifice (opening)

Answer

A

The vagina is the connection between the internal genitalia and the outside through its opening called the.………..

Question 41

Q

metr/itis

Answer

A

Inflammation of uterine tissue

Question 42

Q

Uterus

Answer

A

Consist of three layers of tissue. From the outermost layer to the innermost layer, the layers are called
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

Is the normal site where a fertilized ovum implants and develops

The uterus consists of an upper portion, a large main portion, and a narrow region that connects with the vagina.

Question 43

Q

Visceral peritoneum is called
peri/metr/ium
perimetrium

Answer

A

around/uterine/membrane
Perimetrium-is a membrane that surrounds the uterus

The outer layer of the uterus

Question 44

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myo/metr/ium
myometrium

Answer

A

muscle/uterine/membrane

Muscular middle layer of the uterine tissue
Is the thick muscular wall of the uterus

Middle layer of the uterus

Question 45

Q

endo/metr/ium
endometrium

Answer

A

inside/uterine/membrane
The inner most layer of the uterus, is a mucus membrane.

Mucus membrane that lines the uterus

Question 46

Q

Uterine fundus

Answer

A

The upper, bulging surface of the uterus, above the entrance of the uterine tubes

Question 47

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The body of the uterus

Answer

A

The large main portion.

Question 48

Q

uterine cervix

Answer

A

The narrow region

Question 49

Q

Cervix

Answer

A

Refers to the neck itself or part of an organ that resembles a neck

Question 50

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Cervix uteri

Answer

A

The proper name of the uterine cervix

Specifically means the lower, neck like portion of the uterus, although it is common to see cervix written alone and meaning the cervix uteri.

Question 51

Q

cervico/colp/itis
cervicocolpitis

Answer

A

Is inflammation of the cervix uteri and the vagina.

Question 52

Q

colpo/cyst/itis
colpocystitis

Answer

A

Inflammation of the vagina and the urinary bladder

Question 53

Q

ovari/an
ovarian

Answer

A

Ovary/pertaining to

Pertaining to the ovary

Question 54

Q

uter/ine
uterine

Answer

A

Uterus/pertaining to
Pertaining to the uterus

Question 55

Q

vagin/al
vaginal

Answer

A

vagina/pertaining to

Pertaining to the vagina

Question 56

Q

cervic/al
Cervical

Answer

A

Cervix/pertaining to

Pertaining to the cervix

Question 57

Q

intra/uter/ine
Intrauterine

Answer

A

Pertaining to within the uterus

Question 58

Q

Menstrual cycle

Answer

A

During much of a woman’s life, the endometrium goes through a monthly cycle of growth and discharge

Question 59

Q

Reproductive cycles

Answer

A

Normally occur in females from shortly after the onset of menstruation to menopause

Question 60

Q

Estrogen

Answer

A

Initial hormone that causes thickening of the endometrium

Female sex hormones

Question 61

Q

Progesterone

Answer

A

The second hormone secreted by the corpus luteum

The hormone produced by corpus luteum in the ovaries, adrenal cortex and placenta. It prepares and maintains the uterus during pregnancy.

Question 62

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Hormones

Answer

A

The hormones produced by these structures act on the ovaries to bring about two important functions: the production of ova as well as two additional hormones, estrogen, and progesterone

Question 63

Q

Puberty

Answer

A

The stage of development, when genitalia reach maturity

Stage of development, when genitalia reach maturity and secondary sex characteristics appear. The external characteristics of sexual maturity include adult distribution of hair and development of the breasts and menarche, usually between 9 and 13 years of age.

Question 64

Q

Menarche

Answer

A

Is the first occurrence of menstruation, the periodic bloody discharge caused by the shedding of the endometrium from the non-pregnant uterus. The date of the last menstrual period(LMP) is important, particularly when pregnancy is suspected or menopause is being investigated.

Answer 64

A

The natural cessation of reproductive cycles and menstruation with the decline of reproductive hormones in later years. Menopause may occur earlier as a result of illness or surgical removal of the uterus or both ovaries.

Answer 65

A

Periodic bloody discharge caused by shedding of the endometrium

Answer 66

A

Reflects the changes that occur within the ovaries.

The secretion of female reproductive hormones follows monthly cyclic patterns that affect the ovaries and uterus.

Answer 67

A

Reflects the changes that take place in the uterus
The secretion of female reproductive problems follows monthly cyclic patterns that affect the ovaries and uterus. Together these cycles called the ovarian cycle and the menstrual uterine cycle, make up the female reproductive cycle, (having an average of 28 days).

Answer 68

A

Begin at puberty, when certain unknown stimuli caused the hypothalamus to start secreting a hormone that acts on the pituitary gland.

Answer 69

A

Begins to secrete two hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), that act on follicles in the ovaries.

Answer 70

A

Stimulates a follicle

Answer 71

A

It’s a small ovarian recess or pit that contains fluid and surrounds an ovum (egg). Generally one of them is released each month. The follicle produces hormones and grows in preparation for release of the ovum. These changes in the follicle are classified as the follicular phase, which is followed by the luteal phase.

Answer 72

A

The release of an ovum from the ovary

Is the release of the ovum from the ovarian follicle
After the ovum is released, the ruptured follicle in larges, takes on a yellowish appearance, and is called the corpus luteum, meaning yellow body

Answer 73

A

Meaning yellow body

Answer 74

A

Are represented by follicle development, ovulation, and corpus luteum

Answer 75

A

Is named after the yellow with structure called the corpus luteum

Answer 76

A

Increasing amounts of estrogen are secreted and stimulate repair of the endometrium
Estrogen reaches its peak, near the middle of the cycle, and then decreases until the next month.

Answer 77

A

Secretes another important hormone, progesterone, which causes continued growth and thickening of the endometrium with additional preparatory activities to support a potential embryo. If fertilization (union of the ovum and sperm) does not occur, the corpus luteum begins to degenerate, and the cycle starts again.

Answer 78

A

Is the same hormone that brings about development of the female secondary sex characteristics, the external physical signs of sexual maturity, such as the development of breasts and pubic hair.

Answer 79

A

Is the second hormone that is secreted by the corpus luteum

Answer 80

A

This portion of the menstrual cycle has two important phases
Follicular phase
Is represented by changes in the follicle and results in ovulation (release of the ovum)
Luteal phase
Is represented by changes in the follicle that result in secretion of progesterone by the matured follicle.

Answer 81

A

Occurs simultaneously with the ovarian cycle, and is the result of estrogen and progesterone secretion by the ovaries.

The uterine cycle begins with menstruation (which occurs on day, one of the cycle and continues for 3 to 5 days ), I would buy the king of the endometrium along with secretion of glycogen, which will nourish a developing embryo if fertilization occurs

Answer 82

A

Means the normal flow of blood during menstruation when fertilization has not occurred.
Menses and menstruation are often used interchangeably

Answer 83

A

Prepare the uterus for pregnancy

Answer 84

A

ovum/origin or beginning

Formation of ova

Answer 85

A

Account for 1/5 of all visits by females to physicians. Many diagnostic procedures and treatments are available to females with gynecological disorders.

Answer 86

A

Of the female reproductive system includes examination of the breath, but external genitalia and the pelvis

Answer 87

A

An instrument used to examine the vagina and cervix walls

Is an instrument that can be pushed apart after it is inserted into the vagina to allow examination of the cervix and the walls of the vagina.

Answer 88

A

1) proper position of inserted speculum
2) the bimanual examination. The abdominal hand presses the pelvic organs toward the intravaginal hand.
3) rectovaginal examination. The examiners index finger is placed in the vagina and the middle finger is inserted into the rectum.

Answer 89

A

1) inspection of the external genitalia
2) the speculum examination. The vaginal walls and the cervix are inspected. Smears (Pap smear for cytologic examination) are obtained.
3) bimanual examination, assesses the location, size and mobility of the pelvic organs.
4) the rectovaginal examination is not always performed. In this examination, the posterior aspect of the genital organs and rectal tissue can be evaluated. We

Answer 90

A

The study of cells in a pap test

Means the study of cells. Both Pap smears and endometrial biopsies are performed to detect cancer of the cervix.

Answer 91

A

An excellent method for early detection of cervical cancer
Grading Pap smears as class I, II, III, IV, or V. Class I is normal and class V is definitely cancer

Material is collected from areas of the body that shed cells. The cells are than studied microscopically.

Pap smear may refer to collection of material from other surfaces that shed cells, but it usually refers to collection and examinations cells from the vagina and cervix.

Answer 92

A

A cancer of the uterine cervix

When the Pap smear is examined microscopically, malignant cells have a characteristic appearance that indicates cancer, sometimes before symptoms appear?

Answer 93

A

In a Pap smear, an alteration in the shape, growth, or number of cells that is not a sign of cancer, but indicates a tendency of the cells to become malignant is called______________

Bad/development
Cancer of the uterus may begin with a change in the shape, grow, and number of cells called ………..
The dysplasia is not cancer, but cells of this type tend to become malignant. This abnormality, which can be detected before cancer occurs is called………..

Answer 94

A

A vaginal and urethral parasite

Answer 95

A

Slide-staining technique that helps identify bacteria

Is slide straining technique that aids in classification and identification of bacteria, especially useful for vaginal smears if gonorrhea or chlamydial infection is suspected

Answer 96

A

Blood test for syphilis

Are blood test to detect and monitor syphilis

Answer 97

A

Is the name of the hormone that is tested for in pregnancy test

Is present in body, fluids of pregnant, females, and blood or urine is tested to determine whether pregnancy exists.

Answer 98

A

Pertains to the chorion
A membrane that develops around a fertilized embryo

Answer 99

A

A hormone that is tested to ascertain pregnancy is human chorionic

Is a hormonal substance that stimulates the gonads in this case, the ovaries

Answer 100

A

Using low powered microscopy to examine the vaginal mucosa and cervix

Involves the use of a low powered microscope to magnify the mucosa of the vagina and cervix

The instrument used is a colposcope

Answer 101

A

Is removal of tissue from the cervix

Answer 102

A

Collection of tissue from the lining of the uterus

Answer 103

A

Direct visualization of the uterus with a hysteroscope.

Is visual examination of the interior of the uterus with the endoscope

Is direct visual inspection of the cervical canal and uterine cavity, using an endoscope passed through the vagina

Answer 104

A

The name of the endoscope used when doing a hysteroscopy

Answer 105

A

May be helpful in detecting masses, such as ovarian cyst.

Answer 106

A

May be used to detect a tumor within the pelvis

Answer 107

A

Radiographic examination of the uterus and the uterine tubes after an injection of a radiopaque contrast medium

Is a radiologic examination of the uterus, and the uterine (or fallopian) tubes after an injection of radiopaque material into those organs. it allows evaluation of the size, shape, and position of the organs, including tumors and certain other abnormalities, as well as obstruction of the uterine tube.

Answer 108

A

Is the record that is produced in hysterosalpingography

Answer 109

A

Examining the pelvic cavity after making one or more small abdominal incision

Is the examination of the abdominal cavity with that laparoscope through one or more small incisions of the abdominal wall. This surgical procedure is especially useful for inspection of the ovaries and other structures within the pelvic cavity, as well as collection of the biopsy specimens or performance of tubal legation to prevent pregnancy.

Answer 110

A

The purpose of the uterine cannula is to allow movement of the uterus during laparoscopy

Answer 111

A

Membrane that develops around the fertilized embryo

Answer 112

A

Collection and examination of cells from the vagina and cervix

Answer 113

A

Direct microscopic examination of fluid

Answer 114

A

Painful menstruation
Heavy or irregular flow
Spotty
Absence of or skipping periods
Premenstrual syndrome

Answer 115

A

without/month/discharge

Absence of menstruation, such as absence of menstruation due to under development of the reproductive organs or hormonal disturbances. Amenorrhea is normal before puberty, after menopause, and during pregnancy.

Answer 116

A

Difficult or painful/month/discharge

Painful or difficult menstruation

Answer 117

A

Month/hemorrhage

Heavy or long menstrual periods

Answer 118

A

Month/discharge

Normal menstruation; sometimes to profuse menstruation

Answer 119

A

Uterine tissue/hemorrhage

Uterine bleeding other than that caused by ministration; may occur as spotting or outright bleeding and is caused by cervical cancer or uterine tumors.

Answer 120

A

Is nervous tension, irritability, Adema, weight gain, sleep, changes, mood, swings, fatigue, headache, and painful breaths that can occur the last few days before the onset of menstruation.

Answer 121

A

Means pain in the region of the ovary during ovulation

Means abdominal pain in the region of an ovary during ovulation. It is helpful in pinpointing the fertile period of the ovarian cycle.

Answer 122

A

vagina/inflammation of

Inflammation of the vaginal tissues. This may be accompanied by itching, burning or discomfort during urination, and vaginal discharge; however, some infections are asymptomatic.

Answer 123

A

Or sometimes considered an STD, but infection can also occur after childbirth or after taking antibiotics that produce changes in the vaginal tissues that allow overgrowth of normal flora, such as C. Albicans, which can cause a yeast infection.

Answer 124

A

The same as vaginitis. Inflammation or infection of the vagina.

Answer 125

A

Inflammation of the vulva, and is associated with itching and burning. This can be caused by infection, contact with irritants, or systemic condition.
Laser therapy may be performed for persistent vulvitis.

Answer 126

A

Inflammation of the vulva and vagina. Vulvar infections can be extensions of vaginal infections.

Answer 127

A

Is infection of the vagina involve her with C. albicans.

Answer 128

A

is a fungal infection (may be a STD)

An infection caused by Candida

Means a condition caused by C. albicans

Answer 129

A

Absence/ovulation

Failure of the ovaries to produce, mature, or release ova

Lack of ovulation

Absence of ovulation, is failure of the ovaries to produce, mature, or release ova.
It’s causes include altered ovarian function or dysfunction, side effects of medications, and stress or disease.

Answer 130

A

Is a globular sac filled with fluid or semi solid material that develops in or on the ovary.

Benign cyst are common and may be asymptomatic, or they may cause pelvic pain and menstrual irregularities

Very large benign cyst is soft and surrounded by a thin capsule. Ovarian masses are often asymptomatic until they are large enough to cause pressure in the pelvis.

Answer 131

A

The legal cause of death from reproductive cancer

The ovary is enormously enlarged by the tumor. Ovarian cancer is often far advanced when diagnosed.

Answer 132

A

Is a hormonal disturbance characterized by anovulation, amenorrhea, and infertility.
It is caused by increased levels of testosterone (hormone that is secreted in large quantities in males, and smaller quantities and females), estrogen, and L H, and decreased secretion FSH.

Answer 133

A

This means a person is without symptoms

Answer 134

A

Is the leading cause of death from reproductive cancers because the disease has usually spread it to other organs by the time it is discovered.

Sonography and CT may detect the ovarian mass, but diagnosis generally requires surgical exploration and pathological confirmation of the diagnosis .

Answer 135

A

ovary/pain

Ovarian pain

Answer 136

A

ovary/inflammation

Inflammation of an ovary

Answer 137

A

ovary/disease

Any disease of an ovary

Answer 138

A

ovary/uterine tube/inflammation

Inflammation of an ovary and a uterine tube

Answer 139

A

Uterine tube/information

Inflammation of a uterine tube

Answer 140

A

Uterine tube/herniation

Hernial protrusion of a uterine tube

Answer 141

A

Sometimes a fertilized ovum implants in a site other than within the uterine wall. The abnormal implantation site is usually in the uterine tube

The most common type of ectopic pregnancy

Answer 142

A

Fertilize egg implants outside the uterus

Is one in which a fertilized ovum implants somewhere outside the uterine cavity.
Means situated in an unusual place, away from its normal location

Answer 143

A

The uterine tubes are usually infected in pelvic, inflammatory disease. Without treatment, the tubes can become obstructed and cause infertility.
PID is any infection that involves the upper genital tract beyond the cervix.

Untreated gonococcal or staphylococcal infections, can spread along the endometrium to the uterus tubes and caused an acute salpingitis. If untreated or treated, it adequately, the tubes can become obstructed. PID

Answer 144

A

Infection/blood

Answer 145

A

A sudden, high fever, headache, confusion, acute renal failure, and abnormal liver function are characteristics

This acute disease is caused by a type of staphylococcus species and is most common in menstruating women who use tampons.

Answer 146

A

Three stages of uterine prolapse
grade 1) uterus bulges into the vagina, but does not protrude through the entrance
grade 2) cervix isvisible within the vagina
grade 3) body of the uterus and cervix protrude through the vaginal orifice.

Answer 147

A

The stage of uterine cancer is identified by the extent to which it has spread to other organs

Answer 148

A

Uterus/any disease

Any disease of the uterus

Answer 149

A

Uterine/prolapse

Weakening of the ligaments causes a prolapse uterus

Prolapsed uterus can be congenital or caused by heavy physical exertion. It is classified according to its severity.

Answer 150

A

The uterus, normalize midline of the pelvis; however, some variations, called neutering displacements, occur.

Answer 151

A

A) anteversion-forward displacement of the body of the uterus toward the pubis, (the anterior portion of the hipbone.)with the cervix tilted.
B) retroversion-tipped backward (the opposite of anteversion)
C) anteflexion-bending forward of the uterus
D) retroflextion-bending backward of the uterus

Answer 152

A

A condition in which endometrium occurs in places besides the uterus

The abnormal location of endometrial tissue is often the ovaries and less commonly other pelvic structures

Is an abnormal condition in which tissue that contains typical endometrial elements is present outside the uterus, usually within the pelvic activity.

Answer 153

A

Inflammation of the myometrium

Answer 154

A

Inflammation of the endometrium and is generally produced by bacterial invasion of the endometrium.

Answer 155

A

And period of endometriosis inside an ovary

Answer 156

A

Is an abnormal adherence of structures that are not normally joined

Answer 157

A

(scar tissue that binds anatomic surfaces that normally are separate) is the body’s response to peritoneal trauma.
For example, adhesions commonly form in the abdomen, after abdominal surgery, inflammation, or injury, and may cause amenorrhea or infertility.

Adhesions are frequently seen during laparscopic procedures .
Example, scar tissue that has formed within the afternoon after repeated surgeries is a type of abdominal adhesion.

Answer 158

A

Smooth/muscle/tumor

Also called uterine fibroids
is the most common benign tumor occurring within the uterus

The tumors develop from the myometrium, and stay attached by means of a pedicle. Subserosal, submucosal, and intramural leiomyomas protrude through the outer surface of the Nygren wall, protrude into the cavity of the uterus, or are contained within that you were in the wall, respectively.

Answer 159

A

Are benign lesions attached to the cervix, often by a stalk, and can sometimes be seen in a gynecological examination

Answer 160

A

cervix uteri/inflammation of

Refers specifically to information of the cervix uteri. Acute cervicitis is infection of the cervix, marked by redness, bleeding on contact, a foul smelling discharge from the vagina, and often pain, itching, or burning. Acute cervicitis may be caused by several species of bacteria, chlamydia (specialized bacteria) candida albicans (yeast), Trichomonas vaginalis.

Answer 161

A

Persistent inflammation of the cervix

Answer 162

A

white/discharge

Specifically refers to a white, viscid discharge from the vagina and the uterine cavity.
Normally occurs in the adult female, and is somewhat increase before and after the menstrual period.

Answer 163

A

Is pain of the vagina

Answer 164

A

Vagina/hemorrhage

Hemorrhage from the vagina

Answer 165

A

Are abnormal openings between the vagina and the urethra, the bladder, or the rectum

Answer 166

A

Occur between the urethra and the vagina

Answer 167

A

An abnormal opening between the rectum and a vagina

Is one that occurs between the rectum and the vagina

Answer 168

A

Occurs between the urinary bladder and the vagina

Answer 169

A

Herniation of the urinary bladder through the wall of the vagina.

bladder/herniation
Protrusion of the urinary bladder through the wall of the vagina, occurs when support is weak in between the two structures.
A large cystocele can interfere with emptying the bladder.

Answer 170

A

rectum/herniation
Occurs from a weakening between the vagina and rectum. Both problems are common and often asymptomatic.

A large rectocele can interfere with empty in the rectum .

Answer 171

A

Weakening of the ligaments that hold the uterus in place

Answer 172

A

A common uterine condition in which it is tipped backward

Answer 173

A

Painful menstrual flow, is caused by uterine cramping, and can usually be alleviated with aspirin or anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen.

Answer 174

A

Can be treated by surgical and pharmaceutical means (for example, hormone replacement, and stimulation of the ovaries)

Answer 175

A

It’s a natural termination of menstruation, and many women experienced few, if any unpleasant symptoms of hot flashes and night sweats.

Answer 176

A

A pharmaceutical intervention for treating the symptoms of menopause is HRT.
So how was your snapping today? Do I need to check it? What’s up OK I’m trusting you Kade all right I appreciate it.

A combination of estrogen and progesterone, is the primary intervention for women who experience the symptoms of transition, or for those at high risk of osteoporosis (abnormal loss of bone density) and deterioration of bone tissue.

Answer 177

A

Vagina/surgical repair
Surgical repair of the vagina

Answer 178

A

Vagina/suture
Suture of the vagina

Answer 179

A

Uterus/excision
Removal of the uterus; removal of the uterus through the abdominal wall is an Abdominal hysterectomy. A vaginal hysterectomy, also called a colopohysterectomy, is the removal of the uterus by way of the vagina. A laparohysterectomy is laparoscopic removal of the uterus.

Answer 180

A

Uterus/surgical fixation
Surgical fixation of a displaced uterus

Surgical taxation of the uterus to the abdominal wall

Answer 181

A

Ovary/excision
Surgical excision of one ovary (for example, laparoscopic oophorectomy of a polycystic ovary) or both ovaries (for example, and ovarian cancer) is performed when possible. Removal of both ovaries, prohibits reproduction.

Answer 182

A

ovary/uterus/excision

Is removal of the uterus and ovaries

Surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus

Answer 183

A

Ovary/surgical fixation

Surgical fixation of an ovary

Surgical fixation to correct an overhead that has lost its normal support

Answer 184

A

Ovary/uterine tube/excision
Removal of an ovary and its uterine tube salpingo-oophorectomy

Answer 185

A

ovary/pertaining to cyst/excision
Removal of a benign ovarian cyst, using either laparoscopy or open abdominal surgery.

Answer 186

A

Uterus/excision
Removal of ovaries, fallopian tubes, lymph nodes, and lymph channaels, as well as the uterus and cervix

Answer 187

A

Uterine tube/surgical fixation
Surgical fixation of the uterine tube

Surgical fixation of a fallopian tube

Answer 188

A

Uterine tube/suture
Suture of a fallopian tube

Answer 189

A

Vagina/excision
Removal of all or part of the vagina, used to treat vaginal cancer; colpectomy

Answer 190

A

Vulva/excision
Excision of the vulva, characteristically used to treat vulval cancer

Answer 191

A

Avoids contamination of the peritoneal cavity or the incision. Once the specimen is completely within the bag, the drawstring is closed.

Answer 192

A

Simple vulvectomy includes the removal of the skin of the labia minors, labia majora, and clitoris

Answer 193

A

Is excision of the labia majora, Libia minora, clitoris, surrounding tissue, and pelvic lymph nodes

Answer 194

A

Removal of a fallopian tube

Is surgical removal of one or both uterine tubes and one must stay at which uterine tube is removed or if it is bilateral removal.
It is performed for removal of a tumor or cyst, or as a method of sterilization, and is included in a hysterectomy, or oophorectomy

Answer 195

A

The sterilization procedure in which both fallopian tubes are constricted, severed, or crushed

Is one of several sterilization procedures, in which both uterine tubes are constricted, severed, or crushed to prevent conception.

Answer 196

A

Condition of being open

Answer 197

A

Forming a new opening into a fallopian tube

Making a new opening into a uterine tube, may be performed also for the purpose of drainage if a uterine tube is obstructed by infection or scar tissue.

Answer 198

A

In a D&C, the cervix is dilated, and the endometrium is scraped.

A common surgical procedure that is performed for either diagnosis or treatment
In this procedure, the cervix is dilated to allow the insertion of a curet into the uterus
The surgical procedure is done to assess disease of the uterus, to correct heavy or prolonged vaginal bleeding, to empty the uterus of residue after childbirth, and/or to remove the products of conception.

Answer 199

A

It’s a surgical instrument shaped like a spoon or scoop, and is used for scraping and removal of material from the endometrium.

Answer 200

A

Destruction of the endometrium

Answer 201

A

Lysis of adhesions

Destruction of adhesions

Answer 202

A

cold/treatment

Treatment using subfreezing temperatures to destroy tissue

Treatment using cold temperatures
Is a treatment that uses a sub freezing temperature to destroy tissue. Cryosurgery and laser surgery are especially useful in the treatment of lesions of genital warts.

Answer 203

A

To burn tissues by laser, hot metal, electricity, or another agent with the objective of destroying tissue

Answer 204

A

Verb example
The tissue is cauterized in cauterization

Answer 205

A

Removal of all pelvic organs, is done when other forms of therapy are ineffective in controlling the spread of cancer and no metastases have been found outside the pelvis.
This radical surgery usually involves removal of the uterus, ovaries, uterine tubes, vagina, bladder, do Reatha, and pelvic lymph nodes.

Answer 206

A

When the ovaries, uterus, and fallopian tubes are removed.

Answer 207

A

Removal of the uterus through a small opening in my abdominal wall

Answer 208

A

Instrument to visualize the abdominal cavity

Answer 209

A

Pertaining to the period of life after normal cessation of menstruation

Answer 210

A

Removal of both ovaries and uterine tubes
Removal of both ovaries and fallopian tubes

Answer 211

A

Examination of the external and internal female genitalia

Answer 212

A

Herniation of the urinary bladder through the wall of the vagina

Answer 213

A

produces, sustains, and transports spermatozoa; introduces them into the female vagina; and produces hormones.

Answer 214

A

Are responsible for production of both spermatozoa and hormones.
Is the plural form of testis, which means the same as testicle

all other organs, ducts, and glands in this system transport and sustain the spermatoza, the male, sex cells, often shortened to sperm (singular, spermatozoon or sperm)

Sperm leave the testis through ducts that enter the epididymis

Answer 215

A

Testes, the primary organs of the male reproductive system.

Answer 216

A

Foreskin, covers the glans penis

Answer 217

A

A tightly coiled comma–shaped organ, located along the superior and posterior margins of the testes.

Lying just posterior to the testis is the epididymis, where sperm are stored until they are released

Answer 218

A

The testes and epididymides are contained in a pouch of skin that is posterior to the penis

that contains the testes and their accessory organs

Answer 219

A

begins at the epididymis, continues upward, and then enters the abdominopelvic cavity.
Each ductus deferens joins a duct from the seminal vesicle to form a short ejaculatory duct

is a long duct that begins at the epididymis, enters the abdominal cavity, and connects with other structures of the internal reproductive tract.

Is the duct leading from the epididymis

Answer 220

A

Passes through the prostate gland and empties into the urethra

Answer 221

A

Contribute an alkaline mucuslike fluid to the semen.

Answer 222

A

Is expulsion of the semen from the urethra

Answer 223

A

The male organ for copulation, transfers, sperm to the vagina.

Answer 224

A

Conical tip of the penis

Answer 225

A

Is sexual union between male and female, during which the penis is inserted into the vagina

Answer 226

A

The prostate, seminal vesicles, and the bulbourethral glands produce fluids that contribute to the semen and are necessary for the survival of the sperm

Answer 227

A

is the secretion of the male reproductive organs that is discharged from the urethra during ejaculation.

Answer 228

A

Pertaining to semen

Answer 229

A

penis/pertaining to
pertaining to the penis

Answer 230

A

prostate/pertaining to
Pertaining to the prostate

Answer 231

A

scrotum/pertaining to
pertaining to the scrotum

Answer 232

A

spermatozoa/pertaining to
Pertaining to sperm or pertaining to semen

Answer 233

A

testicle/pertaining to
pertaining to a testicle

Answer 234

A

Production of sperm is called_______

spermatozoa/producing, or for me produced by, or in
is the production or formation of mature, functional sperm capable of participating in conception, the union of a sperm with an ovum.
The hypothalamus in the brain, the pituitary gland, and the testis produce hormones that influence spermatogenesis.

Begins at puberty and normally continues throughout life, showing a decline in later years.

Answer 235

A

Testis is divided into several compartments called_______

Answer 236

A

Each lobule contains convoluted seminiferous tubules.

Sperm are produced in these tubules

sperm are produced within

Answer 237

A

A cross-section of a seminiferous tubule shows that seminiferous tubules are surrounded by cells called____________ _____ __ ______

these cells produce a major male sex hormone, testosterone

Answer 238

A

The nucleus contains the chromosomes and is located in the head.
The tip of the head is covered by an ACROSOME, which contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the ovum.
The midpiece contains mitochondria that provide energy, and the tail is the typical flagellum (for movement)

Answer 239

A

SEMINIFEROUS Tubules of the testes
(sperm production)
EPIDIDYMIS
(Sperm storage)
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
Ejaculation of sperm in semen

Answer 240

A

Singular form spermatozoon

Answer 241

A

The major male sex hormone produced by the testicles

LH acts on interstitial cells in the testes to produce testosterone. Testosterone also brings about male secondary sex characteristics for example, enlarging of the sex organs, distribution of hair, deepening of the boys, and increased muscular development.

Often called the masculine, amazing hormone.

Answer 242

A

also called semen

is a mixture of sperm cells and secretions from the accessory glands (prostate, seminal vessels, and bulbourethral glands)

Answer 243

A

Is the condition of swelling, rigidity, and elevation of the penis, and to a lesser degree in the clitoris of the female, caused by sexual arousal

Answer 244

A

It’s a facility for storage of semen to be use for artificial insemination or sperm storage

Answer 245

A

The structure that is responsible for sperm production

Answer 246

A

One of the two important hormones that stimulate sperm production are FSH and…….

Answer 247

A

1) Inspection of the external genitalia
are examined for the dissent and size of the testicles, abnormalities of the scrotum and penis, and the presence of urethral discharge

2) palpitation for inguinal hernias
3) examination of the rectum digitally

Answer 248

A

Means secretions from the urethra

Answer 249

A

Lesions or ulcers on the penis may indicate……..

Answer 250

A

Produce blisters

Answer 251

A

Chancre is a lesion that indicates that first stage of syphilis
appearance of a painless sore
The VDRL and the RPR tests are blood test to detect and monitor syphilis

Answer 252

A

Palpitation me reveal an inguinal hernia, one in which a loop of intestine enters that inguinal canal, which is the passageway in the lower muscular layers of the abdomen wall. That is a common site for hernias,
sometimes feels that entire scrotal sac..

Answer 253

A

Is an assessment of the prostate gland and the rectum. The examiner inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum, and the size and consistency of the prostate are assessed.

Answer 254

A

is a procedure recommended by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for detecting, tumors, or other abnormalities of the testicles

Answer 255

A

Blood test for prostatic cancer

is a blood test used to screen for prostate cancer and to monitor the patient’s response to treatment. Elevated PSA levels are associated with prostatic cancer.

The antigen that is a tumor marker for prostatic cancer

Answer 256

A

Removal of tissue for microscopic study

A needle biopsy of the prostate is generally performed if cancer of the prostate is suspected.
In a needle biopsy, A small amount of tissue is removed, using a needle inserted from the outside. In this case the needle is inserted through the rectal mucosa to the prostate. Cytology is performed on the tissue, examining the cells microscopically for the presence of cancer cells.

Answer 257

A

Is the study of cells

Answer 258

A

Test of semen

The test that evaluates the number and health of spermatozoa

One of the most important aspects of a fertility study, involves measuring freshly collected, semen for volume and sperm, count, as well as motility and morphology. The sperm count is a test for male fertility in a sperm count, the number, appearance, and motility of the sperm in a collected sample of semen are examined.

Answer 259

A

urinary tract/the study of

Specialty for the urinary tract and male reproductive system

Is the branch of medicine that specializes in the male and female urinary tract and also includes male reproductive structures

Answer 260

A

Occurs most often in younger men

Answer 261

A

Is common in older men

Answer 262

A

Axial rotation of the spermatic cord is testicular
Twisting of the spermatic cord

Answer 263

A

inflammation of the glans penis

Answer 264

A

It’s a special processing, freezing, and storage of spring for a sperm bank for future use

Answer 265

A

testis/excision
excision of the testis
removal of both testes results in infertility

Answer 266

A

Is sometimes used with high-dose chemotherapy. In stem cell transplantation, the patient’s stem cells are removed from the bone marrow and preserved by freezing for later transplantation

Answer 267

A

testicle/surgical repair
surgical repair of a testicle

when torsion, twisting of the spermatic cord, has occurred, loss of blood supply to a testicle for more than a few hours, will result in deterioration of the testicle. Surgical correction soon after the injury is important to prevent loss of the testicle.

Answer 268

A

testicle/incision

means incision (and drainage) of a testicle

Answer 269

A

testicle/suture

Means suture of a testicle

Answer 270

A

The prosthesis that is designed to treat an erectile dysfunction.

Surgical implantation to correct erectile dysfunction

One of several types of prostheses, this self-contained type consist of a pump, a cylinder filled with fluid, and a reservoir, all in one unit. The patient squeezes the pump just below the head of the penis to fill the cylinder and achieve direction. When an erection is no longer desired, the patient presses a release valve, located behind the pump.

Answer 271

A

Drugs, such as Sildenafil (Viagra) or tadalafil (Cialis), are used to treat erectile dysfunction, particularly when the problem is inability to sustain an erection
Surgical treatment includes injections and surgical implantation of a penile prosthesis.

Answer 272

A

Means an artificial replacement for a body part (for example, an artificial arm or leg) or a device designed to improve function (for example, a hearing aid).

Answer 273

A

testicle/fixation
Surgical fixation of a testicle
Is corrective surgery for cryptorchidism

Is surgical fixation of an undescended testis in the scrotum

Orchiopexy, sometimes called orchidopexy, is the attachment of the previously undescended testicle to the wall of the scrotum.

Answer 274

A

Is surgical removal of a hydrocele,(a mass, usually filled with a straw-colored fluid)

Answer 275

A

Is the surgical removal of the end of the prepuce and is commonly performed on the male infant at birth.

The tightness of the prepuce in phimosis can usually be corrected by circumcision
ritual female circumcision (excision of the prepuce of the clitoris) is performed in some parts of the world and may include largely closing up the vagina with clips or stitches.

Answer 276

A

Inflammation of the prostate inflammation is often the result of infection and is treated with antibiotics.

Answer 277

A

Removal of small pieces of the prostate via the urethra

when the prostate gland is so enlarged (BPH) that it interferes with urination or causes frequent infection I’d transurethral resection prostatectomy may be necessary (transurethral resection of the prostate) TURP

In a TURP, small pieces of the enlarged prostate are exercised. This procedure has been replaced in selected cases by photoselective vaporization of the prostate. (Green Light PVP)

A variety of laser procedures are available, sometimes referred to as laser prostatectomy

Answer 278

A

Is a surgical procedure that is performed through the urethra

Answer 279

A

Less invasive technologies are available for treatment,
1) transurethral microwave thermotherapy TUMT - uses microwave energy to raise the temperature of the prostatic tissue
2) transurethral needle ablation TUNA - uses low-level radio frequency energy

in both of these procedures, the heat causes necrosis and death of the pro static tissue, thus relieving the obstruction. procedures are performed through the urethra.

ablation means removal or excision of a growth on any part of the body.

Answer 280

A

Means removal or excision of a growth on any part of the body

Answer 281

A

Surgical excision of a portion of the vas deferens

Excision of a portion of the vast deferens. Bilateral vasectomy results in sterility

This elective surgical procedure is performed as a permanent method of contraception (although it sometimes can be surgically reversed). It can be performed under local anesthesia. A small incision is made in the scrotum, and a piece of the vas deferens is removed.

Answer 282

A

Including radiation (especially radioactive seed implants), hormonal therapy, and prostatectomy.

Answer 283

A

is excision of all or part of the prostate gland
Surgical excision of the prostate gland

Answer 284

A

surgical excision of one or both testicles (or ovaries in females), is performed most frequently to reduce the production and secretion of hormones that may stimulate the proliferation of malignant cells; it results in steriity. If a boy is castrated before puberty, male secondary sex characteristics do not develop, and he becomes an eunuch.

Answer 285

A

vas deferns/incision
incision of the vas deferens

Answer 286

A

creation of a new opening in the vas deferens

Is surgical formation of a new opening into the vast deferens, but the term is sometimes used as a synonym for vasotomy.

Answer 287

A

Anastomosis of the ends of the severed vast deferens

Can sometimes be used to correct an obstruction or to restore the suffered ends of the vas deferens. The latter procedure is used to reverse a vasectomy.

Answer 288

A

Chemical treatment for cancer

Answer 289

A

Surgical excision of a testicle

Answer 290

A

Pertaining to through the urethra

Answer 291

A

Is a reproductive cell (ovum or spermatozoon)

an ovum or sperm is called.……

Answer 292

A

is also called the egg which lives only a few days

Answer 293

A

or sperm, which also live only a few days before they die after being discharged into the vagina

Answer 294

A

Is the release of an ovum from the ovary.

Answer 295

A

Is the union of the sperm cell nucleus with an egg cell nucleus. This usually occurs in the uterine tube.
The fertilized ovum undergoes a series of cell divisions as it moves along the uterine tube, and then enters into the uterine cavity. About the seventh day after ovulation, the fertilized ovum attaches to the endometrium.
This is called implantation.

Answer 296

A

Is the inner lining of the uterus

Answer 297

A

The product of fertilization is the zygote, which undergoes rapid cell divisions.
The zygote is known by different means that various stages.

Answer 298

A

it is usually at the beginning of the third week that the developing offspring is called an embryo.
It is during the embryonic stage that all the organ systems form, making this the most critical time in development. This is also when the extraembryonic membranes form.

Answer 299

A

Refers to the embryo

Answer 300

A

means located outside the embryo

Answer 301

A

Amnion
Chorion
These two membranes surround the embryo. The amnion and the chorion are membranes that provide protection by surrounding the embryo with amniotic fluid.
Amnionic and amniotic have the same meaning the latter is more commonly used.

Answer 302

A

The embryo is called the fetus after the eighth week

Answer 303

A

Fetus/pertaining to
Means pertaining to the fetus

Answer 304

A

Formed in the embryonic stage, is a highly vascular structure that nourishes the fetus.
It secretes large amounts of progesterone, which is necessary for maintaining the uterus during pregnancy.

Answer 305

A

is the hormone that is responsible for maintaining the uterus throughout pregnancy

Answer 306

A

Along with the placenta, the amnion, and the chorion are called afterbirth and are shed shortly after birth

Answer 307

A

Of the placenta are in close contact with the fetal blood vessels from the cord, but do not directly mix.
rather, the nutrients from the mother pass across the vessel walls into the blood of the unborn, and the ways products from the unborn pass across to the mother

Answer 308

A

zygote: Begins with the fertilization of the ovum and implantation, through approximately the first two weeks

embryo: Begins about the beginning of the third week. Organ systems and extraembryonic membranes form. Lasts through approximately the eighth week.

fetus: Begins after the eighth week and lasts until birth. Major structures have been outlined in the embryo, and body structures continue to define during the fetal stage until birth.

Answer 309

A

Is the condition of being unable to produce offspring.

Answer 310

A

Is the condition of not being able to produce offspring

Answer 311

A

Is a complex series of procedures used to treat fertility or genetic problems and assist with conception. After mature ova are collected from the females ovaries and artificially fertilized by sperm in a laboratory, the fertilized, egg, or eggs are implanted in the uterus.

Answer 312

A

Is an immature ovum

Answer 313

A

is an embryonic sperm

embryonic form of a sperm

Is an immature stage in the development of a mature sperm

Answer 314

A

Pertaining to the chorion

Answer 315

A

Pertains to two membranes, the amnion and the chorion

Answer 316

A

Attachment of the fertilized ovum to the endometrium

Answer 317

A

against conception

Is birth control, which is a process or technique for preventing pregnancy

Answer 318

A

Diminishes the likelihood of or prevent pregnancy

Answer 319

A

It’s a pill that blocks or terminates pregnancy, and must be taken within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse

Answer 320

A

Refraining from sexual intercourse, is the only means of contraception that is 100% effective

Answer 321

A

Withdrawal of the penis before ejaculation, and douching, washing out the vagina immediately after intercourse, are not recommended as contraceptives because of high failure rates

Answer 322

A

Are the only contraceptives that also offer protection from STDs?

Answer 323

A

Most effective
1) subdermal implant - capsule implanted under the skin, slowly releases a hormone that blocks the release of ova, surgical implant considered permanent
2) intrauterine device - small plastic or metal device placed in the uterus, (some release hormones); more of the action is not known, but is believed to prevent fertilization or implantation
3) injectable contraceptive oral contraceptive - hormonal injection on a specific schedule prevents ovulation. “Pill” that contains hormones, usually progestin and estrogen, which prevent ovulation.
4) contraceptive patch - skin patch that releases the hormones, progestin and estrogen in the bloodstream; one patch weekly for three weeks, then one week without a patch
5) diaphragm (with spermicide) - soft rubber cup that covers the uterine cervix, designed to prevent sperm from entering the cervical canal
6) sponge (with spermicide) acts as a vaginal barrier to the sperm; also releases spermicide
7) cervical cap (with spermicide) - small cup that fits over the cervix to prevent sperm from entering the cervical canal
8) male, condom thin sheath (usually latex) worn over the penis to collect the semen, informally called rubbers.
9) female condom - thin sheath (usually latex) worn in the vagina to collect the semen
10) vaginal spermicide - foam cream or jelly that is inserted into the vagina before intercourse to destroy sperm
11) natural family planning - any of several methods of conception control that do not rely on a medicine or a physical device for effectiveness.
A) the calendar or rhythm method - natural family planning relies on determining the fertile period and practicing abstinence during unsafe days
B) basal body temperature - method determines ambulation by a drop and subsequent rise in the basal body temperature.
C) ovulation method - uses observation of changes in the cervical mucus to determine population
D) symptothermal method - incorporates ovulation and basal body temperature methods.

Answer 324

A

is destruction of adhesions often by a laser (or excision during open surgery)

Answer 325

A

Sometimes called the belly button surgery

Answer 326

A

many techniques are use for tubal legation, all for the purpose of interrupting the continuity of the uterine tubes.
a method of tying off a loop of uterine tube, cutting the loop in half, and burning, using clips, or tying off the ends is sometimes done after a cesarean section when no more pregnancies are wanted.
Burning to seal the cut ends of the tube is accomplished by several meetings, including laser and cauterization.

Answer 327

A

Often referred to as tubal anastomosis

all methods of tubal ligation should be considered permanent means of sterilization, but tubal ligation reversal may be possible, especially in younger women with no other infertility factors. The surgery may be laparoscopic or conventional surgery.

Answer 328

A

is an illuminated tube with an optical system. Graspers or forceps are used to grasp the uterine tubes or other tissue.

Answer 329

A

Is the process of growth and development of a new individual from conception, through the embryonic and fetal periods to birth.

Answer 330

A

Is the birth of the baby, childbirth

Answer 331

A

Specializes in obstetrics, the medical specialty that is concerned with the care of the mother and fetus throughout pregnancy, childbirth, and the time immediately after childbirth.

Answer 332

A

has advanced education and clinical experience in obstetric care and care of the newborn. The nurse midwife manages care of women having a normal pregnancy, labor, and childbirth. A midwife is a person who assists women in childbirth.

Answer 333

A

Is another name for pregnancy.

The average period of gestation is about 266 days from the date of fertilization, but it is clinically considered to last 280 days from the first day of the LMP.

Answer 334

A

before/birth
Is that time before birth

Answer 335

A

The first recognizable movements of the fetus in the uterus, occurs at about 18 to 20 weeks in a first pregnancy and slightly sooner and later pregnancies.

Answer 336

A

termination of pregnancy before the fetus is capable of survival outside the uterus
most often refers to a deliberate, interpretation of pregnancy

in the medical sense, both spontaneous loss and deliberate interpretation of pregnancy are called abortions.

Answer 337

A

A spontaneous or natural loss of the fetus

Answer 338

A

Is one of the three periods of approximately three months into which pregnancy is divided
First trimester: time from the first day of the LMP to the end of 12 weeks (carries the greatest risk of miscarriages)
Second trimester: extends from the 12th to the 28th week. (The fetus and pregnancy are now easier to monitor. A viable offspring, one that is able to survive outside the uterus, with or without medical help, occurs at about 24 weeks.)
Third trimester: begins at the 28th week and extends to the time of delivery. (The body systems that formed earlier develop further, especially the respiratory and nervous systems.)

Answer 339

A

One that is able to survive outside the uterus, with or without medical help, occurs at about 24 weeks

Answer 340

A

first/pregnant female
a female during her first pregnancy

A female who is pregnant for the first time

Answer 341

A

many/pregnant female
Means a female who has been pregnant more than one time

Answer 342

A

is a general term that refers to having borne one or more offspring

Answer 343

A

Is a term used with numerals to indicate the number of pregnancies carried to more than 20 weeks gestation, such as para III or 3, indicating three pregnancies, regardless of the number of offspring produced in a single pregnancy or the number of stillbirths after 20 weeks.

Answer 344

A

Page 389
T refers to term births after 37 weeks. Gestation
P refers to premature births
A refers to abortions (includes induced abortions and miscarriages or ectopic pregnancies)
L refers to living children

Answer 345

A

first/the number of pregnancies carried to more than 20 weeks gestation
which means that she has produced one viable offspring

Answer 346

A

many/viable offspring
A woman who has delivered more than one viable offspring

Answer 347

A

none/woman who has given birth

a woman who has not given birth to a viable infant; para 0

Answer 348

A

four/woman who has given birth

A woman who has had four successful pregnancies; para 4

Answer 349

A

A woman who has had two children who aren’t twins

Second/woman who has given birth
a woman who has had two pregnancies that resulted in viable offspring; para 2 Bipara is less common

Answer 350

A

three/woman who has given birth
a woman who has had three pregnancies that resulted in viable offspring; para 3

third/woman who is giving birth

Answer 351

A

Rupture of the amnion
water break—occurs before the child is born and sometimes is the mother’s first sign of impending labor

Answer 352

A

The process by which the child is expelled from the uterus, is that time from the beginning of cervical dilation to the delivery of the placenta.

Answer 353

A

a synonym for dilation

Is the condition of being dilated or stretched beyond the normal dimensions.

Answer 354

A

First stage of labor

Is enlargement of the diameter of the opening of the uterine cervix in labor.

Answer 355

A

Is the neck of the uterusIs the neck of the uterus?

Answer 356

A

Is the dilation or stretching of the cervical opening?

Answer 357

A

The shortening and thinning of the cervix during labor

this term describes how the constrictive neck of the uterus is obliterated or effaced

when this occurs, the mucous plug that fills the cervical canal dislodges

Answer 358

A

1) dilatation (cervical dilatation) begins with the onset of regular uterine contractions and ends when the cervical opening is completely dilated.
2) expulsion extends from the end of the first stage until complete expulsion of the infant. during this stage, the amniotic sac ruptures, if that has not occurred already.
3) placental stage, extends from the expulsion of the child until what structure in the membranes are expelled? Placenta placenta.
4) postpartum is the hour or two after delivery, when uterine tone is established.

Answer 359

A

Means of woman who has just given birth

Answer 360

A

1) the uterus is entered through a transverse incision.
2)The fetal had his brought through the incision.
3) the final step involves the use of heavy sutures to close the uterus

Answer 361

A

is an elevation of a newborns physical condition, and is based on a rating of five factors (heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflects, irritability, and color) that reflect the infants ability to adjust to extrauterine life. The Apgar score ( 0 to a normal value of 2 for each factor) rapidly identifies infants will require intervention or transferred to a neonatal intensive care unit

Answer 362

A

Refers to the mother

Answer 363

A

Means after childbirth 1-2 hours
The time after birth with reference to the mother

Answer 364

A

Prepare the breast for a pregnant female for the production of milk. The glands secrete a cloudy fluid called colostrum during the first few days, after a female gives birth.

Answer 365

A

The mammary glands secrete a cloudy fluid during the first few days after female gives birth. This fluid serves adequately as food for the infant while milk production begins 2 to 3 days after birth.

Answer 366

A

The production of milk

Answer 367

A

Both refer to the time before birth

Answer 368

A

Pertains to a shorter than normal period of gestation

Answer 369

A

Means before parturition (childbirth)

Before the onset of labor

Answer 370

A

Means the time after birth, with reference to the newborn and extends for about six weeks

Answer 371

A

Is a newborn child

Answer 372

A

is a specific term that refers to the period covering the first 28 days after birth.

Neonatal also means pertaining to the newborn child

Answer 373

A

Is the branch of medicine that specializes in the care of the newborn, and the specialist is a neonatologist

Answer 374

A

The second stage of labor

Answer 375

A

A female who has had one successful pregnancy

Answer 376

A

The third stage of labor

Answer 377

A

within a few days after conception, the chorion starts producing a hormone……

HCG is present in body fluids (urine, blood) of pregnant females, and blood or urine is tested to determine whether pregnancy exist.
HCG can be detected long before other signs of pregnancy appear.
HCG is the hormone that is tested for in pregnancy test.

Answer 378

A

Means a substance (hormone) that stimulates the gonads

Answer 379

A

amnion/surgical puncture

is a surgical procedure in which a needle is passed through the abdominal and uterine walls (guided by ultrasound) to obtain a small amount of amniotic fluid for laboratory analysis.
The procedure is usually performed to aid in the assessment of fetal health and diagnosis of genetic defects or other abnormalities.

Answer 380

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are the tiny finger like projections of the chorion that infiltrate the endometrium and help form the placenta.

Answer 381

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Is sampling of these villi (placental tissue) for prenatal diagnosis of potential genetic defects, and is usually performed between the eighth and 12th weeks of pregnancy

Two types of chorionic tissue sampling 1) insertion of the needle through the mother’s abdomen and uterine walls

2) is aspiration by catheter through the cervix.
Both methods are performed using ultrasonic guidance.

Answer 382

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A special type of stethoscope that is used to monitor the fetal heartbeat or an endoscope for viewing the baby utero

Is a stethoscope for assessing the fetal heart rate (FHR) though the mother’s abdomen.

Answer 383

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Of the amniotic sac is done to remove fluid for diagnostic study after the ultrasound indicates the position of the fetus and the location of the placenta

Answer 384

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Maybe use during labor to monitor the fetal heart and record the FHR and the maternal uterine contractions. The EFM may be applied either internally or externally.

Answer 385

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Pelvis/measurement

Is the measurement to estimate the size of the birth canal

measurement of the pelvis. This procedure is usually performed by the obstetrician during the first prenatal examination of a pregnant woman or may be used if problems arise during labor.
clinical pelvimetry is vaginal palpitation of specific bony landmarks and is used to estimate the size of the birth canal

Answer 386

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it’s a condition in which a babies head is too large, or the mothers birth canal is too small to permit normal labor or birth. If the disproportion is too great, a cesarean delivery will be necessary.

Answer 387

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is a noninvasive procedure that is used to assess structural abnormalities and monitor development of the fetus

Answer 388

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Provide a video clip in are similar to 3-D scans except that they show fetal movement.

Answer 389

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conjoined twins (formally known as Siamese twins) are the result of ____________the severity of the condition ranges from superficial fusion to joined heads or torsos and several shared internal organs…..

Answer 390

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whenever a fertilized ovum implants anywhere other than the uterus

Answer 391

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The all of them implants in a fallopian tube

Answer 392

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Also known as ectopic pregnancy

Answer 393

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false/pregnancy

In which certain signs and symptoms, such as the absence of menstruation, suggest pregnancy.
Pseudocyesis is the presence of one or more of these signs or symptoms when conception has not occurred. The condition may be cycle, genetic, or it may be caused by a physical disorder.

Answer 394

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This complication of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure

Is one of several complications of pregnancy. This condition is characterized by the onset of acute high blood pressure after the 24th week of gestation.

Answer 395

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protein in the urine, and Adema may also be present.

Answer 396

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Preeclampsia made progress to eclampsia, which is the greatest form of pregnancy induced high blood pressure. The latter, characterized by seizures, coma, high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, leads to convulsions and death, if untreated.

Answer 397

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This complication or separation of the placenta from the uterine wall

Premature detachment of a placenta

this condition is a premature separation of the placenta (implanted in normal position) from the uterine wall after 20 weeks or more, or during labor, and it often result in severe hemorrhage. Fetal death results if there is complete separation of the placenta from the uterine wall, so cesarean sections are performed in severe cases.

Answer 398

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Placenta covers the internal OS

Is a condition in which the placenta is implanted abnormally in the uterus, so that it impinges on or covers the internal os (opening at the upper end of the uterine cervix)

One of the most common reasons for painless, bleeding in the last trimester

Answer 399

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Is the birth of a fetus that died before or during delivery.

Answer 400

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abnormal or difficult labor
it may be caused either by an obstruction or constriction of the birth passage or by an abnormal shape, size, position, or condition of the fetus

Answer 401

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A genetic disorder that can be detected by study of the amniotic fluid

Patients with down syndrome, have an extra chromosome, usually number 21, and have moderate to severe intellectual disabilities and developmental delays.
This chromosomal aberrations, also called trisomy 21(tri- means three) , is often associated with late maternal age.
A genetic disorder, usually associated with trisomy of chromosome number 21

Answer 402

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which is anemia of newborns, characterized by premature destruction of red blood cells, and resulting from maternal-fetal blood group incompatibility, especially involving the Rh factor and the ABO blood groups

Answer 403

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The hemolytic reaction occurs because the mother is Rh negative and the infant is our age positive

Answer 404

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is an immature form of red blood cell that is present in the blood of newborns with this type of anemia. The first pregnancy usually does not present a serious problem, and complications, and a future pregnancy can general Lee be prevented by injection of the mother shortly after delivery with RhoGAM, or a similar immune globulin.

Answer 405

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when hemolytic disease of the newborn is suspected, prenatal diagnosis of the disease is confirmed by high levels of bilirubin (a product of red blood cell distraction) in the amniotic fluid, which is obtained by amniocentesis. Intrauterine, transfusion or immediate exchange transfusions after birth may be necessary. Intrauterine transfusion is transfusion of the fetus, while it is still within the uterus.

Answer 406

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Another name for it is erythroblastosis

Answer 407

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Describes the part of the fetus that is touched by the examining finger through the cervix or has entered the mother’s lesser pelvis ( lower part of the pelvis) during labor.
Positions of the fetus are defined as follows.
Cephalic presentation - the top of the head, the brow, the face, or the chin presents itself at the cervical opening during labor.
Breech presentation - The buttocks, knees, or feet are present. ( occurs in approximately 3% of labors)
Shoulder presentation - one in which the long axis of the baby’s body is across the long axis of the mother’s body, and the shoulder is presented at the cervical opening, also called transverse presentation. Vaginal delivery is impossible unless the baby turns spontaneously or is turned in utero.

Answer 408

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two fetuses developed from the same ovum who are physically united at birth.

Answer 409

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A defect characterized by a clef (division or fissure) in the midline of the palate
Often associated with cleft lip - one or more clefs in the upper lip

Congenital anomalies

Answer 410

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Abnormal esophagus that is not continuous with the stomach

Congenital anomalies

Answer 411

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Incomplete closure of the abdominal wall

Congenital anomalies

Answer 412

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Acute lung disease occurring most often in premature babies

Congenital anomalies

Answer 413

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Developmental anomaly of the vertebra

Congenital anomalies

Answer 414

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physical abnormalities that tend to appear in infants, whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy

Congenital anomalies

Answer 415

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Is a pigmented skin blemish that is usually benign

Answer 416

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Is the deliberate rupture of the fetal membranes to induce labor

incision of that amnion

Answer 417

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Is a hormone that is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates uterine contraction. Oxytocin (Pitocin) is also used as a drug to induce or augment uterine contractions. Other drugs, uterine, relaxants, slow, or stop labor by slowing or stopping uterine contractions.

Answer 418

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facilitates delivery if the vagina opening is too small. It is a surgical procedure in which an incision is made in the female perineum to enlarge the vaginal opening for delivery.

Answer 419

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Incision of the abdominal wall

Answer 420

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Suture of the abdominal wall

Answer 421

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Rupture of the inner membrane surrounding the fetus

Answer 422

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Are usually caused by infectious organisms that have been passed from one person to another through, anal, oral, or vaginal intercourse. STDs were formally called venereal diseases. (VDs) , named for Venus, the Roman goddess of love.

Answer 423

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Are transmitted only by sexual contact, Some can be transmitted via body fluids (for example, AIDS via blood transfusion) and others can cause infection in other parts of the body. An example is an eye that has been infected by hands that are contaminated with organisms that cause gonorrhea. Some of the organisms that cause STDs can also be transmitted by other means, which include the following:
-blood transfusion or handling of contaminated products
-Needles or drug paraphernalia
-intrauterine (within the uterus) transmission to the fetus
-infection of the infant during childbirth

STDs start as lesions on the genital organs. A person who already has one STD can become infected with another STD. Different STDs are caused by specific types of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and parasites. Without treatment, they can contribute to in fertility, insanity, problem pregnancies, cancer, and death.

Answer 424

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Caused by Graham negative intercellular diplococci

genitals/discharge
is caused by a gono/coccus gonococcus (GC), a gram-negative intracellular diplococcus. Intra/cellular (intracellular) means that the bacteria are located within the cells. (in this case, white blood cells.)
gonorrhea causes a heavy urethral discharge in males, but females may be asymptomatic. The disease can usually be treated with penicillin or with another antibiotic and penicillin sensitive persons.

Answer 425

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The GC (gonococcus) that causes gonorrhea, Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a bacterium. When the presence of Graham – negative intracellular diplococci is detected, a bacterial culture is generally perform to confirm that the organisms are gonococci

Answer 426

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Another STD is characterized by distinct stages over a period of years.

First stage of syphilis is characterized by swollen lymph nodes, and the appearance of a painless sore called a chancre. this disease can spread to another person through sexual contact.
Don’t confuse chancre with canker, which is an ulceration of the oral mucosa

If the disease is not treated with penicillin or another antibiotic, the second stage of syphilis occurs two weeks to six months after the chancre disappears. The results of blood tests for syphilis are generally positive at this time, but should be confirmed by additional tests. The disease becomes systemic as organism spread throughout the body, and a generalized rash appears. The disease can affect many organs.
The outward sign that is characteristic of the second stage of syphilis is the rash. The second stage last two to six weeks and is followed by a fairly asymptomatic latent stage. Transmission of the disease can occur by blood transfer to another person during the latent stage.

only about 1/3 of untreated individuals progress to the third stage of syphilis, which has irreversible complications, including changes in the cardiovascular and nervous system and soft rubbery tumors, called gummas, on any part of the body.

Answer 427

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Pages 399-400

Causes syphilis

Answer 428

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Is a blood test for syphilis

Answer 429

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soft rubbery tumors ( syphilis.) third stage

Answer 430

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This is a complication of late syphilis. Some psychotic patients in mental hospitals may have been suffering from neurosyphilis, before the problems of the third stage of syphilis were recognized.

Answer 431

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fever therapy was used to treat mental illness in past times. Syphilitic patients who were infected with malaria, developed high fever, and improved.

The organisms that cause syphilis, like many others, are adversely affected by high temperatures, (sometimes a rise of as little as only 1°F or 2°F)

Answer 432

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is acquired by the fetus from the mother during pregnancy. The bacteria that causes syphilis can cross the placenta of an infected female and cause congenital syphilis.
Infants who are born with congenital syphilis may have severe physical and mental defects and die within a few weeks after birth.
An infant of an infected mother may be infected during childbirth. When the mother is known to be infected, a cesarean section is usually performed.

Answer 433

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Causative Organism
Neisseria gonorrhoear

Answer 434

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Causative Organism
Treponema palladium, a spirochete

Answer 435

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Causative Organism
Chlamydia trachomatis

Answer 436

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Causative Organism
Haemophilus ducreyi

Answer 437

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Causative Organism
various organisms, not all of which are bacteria

Answer 438

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Causative Organism
Trichomonas vaginalis

Answer 439

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Causative Organism
Candida albicans

Answer 440

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Causative Organism
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Answer 441

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Causative Organism
Herpes Simplex virus type 2 (HIV-2)

Answer 442

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Causative Organism
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Answer 443

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Causative Organism
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
Hepatitis D virus (HDV)

Answer 444

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Causative Organism
Phthirus pubis

Answer 445

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Chlamydial infection is transmitted by intimate sexual contact and is treated with antibiotics

Answer 446

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Another STD caused by a bacterium, produces painful ulcers.

Answer 447

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is inflammation of the urethra by an organism other than the GC, the bacterium that causes gonorrhea.

Answer 448

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caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) is the only STD for which there is immunization

Answer 449

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Cocci in pairs that are located inside vs outside a cell

Answer 450

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Makes an individual susceptible to infection, cancer, and other diseases.

Answer 451

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AIDS is caused by HIV and is spread by sexual intercourse or exposure to contaminated blood, semen, milk, or other foods of infected persons. The virus has a long, incubation period, and the disease we recognize as AIDS is the late fatal stage of infection.

Answer 452

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A number of opportunistic infections are associated with AIDS. Many types of opportunistic infections, (for example, tuberculosis herpes simplex, and histoplasmosis) can occur. As well as wasting syndrome, (characterized by weight loss, associated with chronic fever and diarrhea.)

Answer 453

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is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by one of the hepatitis viruses, A, B, C, D, or E.
Hepatitis A and EE are not considered STDs, because transmission is generally through direct contact with contaminated food or water.

Answer 454

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Is transmitted by sexual contact, blood products, and contaminated needles. Hepatitis B vaccine is available, required by various educational institutions, and recommended for healthcare workers and others at greater than usual risk.

Answer 455

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Is primarily transmitted by blood products, shared needles or shared straws for inhaling cocaine. It is transmitted, less commonly by sexual intercourse. This type of hepatitis has a high likelihood of progressing to chronic hepatitis.

Answer 456

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Occurs only in patients who are infected with hepatitis B. It is transmitted by sexual contact and needle sharing.

Answer 457

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A viral infection caused by the herpes Symplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), is also known as genital herpes.

Answer 458

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Is commonly called genital warts, which also describes its major characteristic. Persons who have had genital warts are at greater risk, for Jenna, told malignancy, especially cervical cancer.

Treatment to destroy the genital warts includes destruction with acid, laser, or cryotherapy (cold therapy)

Answer 459

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Means likely to become cancerous

Answer 460

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cold/treatment

destruction of the lesions using very cold temperatures

Answer 461

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Is the only STD, as well as the only cancer, for which a vaccine is available.

However, the vaccine prevents infection against the two types of HPV responsible for the majority of cervical cancer cases.

Cervical cancer is the third most common type of cancer in women worldwide.

Answer 462

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is an infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoon.
diagnosis is by microscopic examination of fresh urethral, or vaginal secretions a
Symptoms of trichomoniasis include a frothy discharge with a bad odor in females; symptoms are minor or absent in males.

Answer 463

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It’s a fungal infection, not limited to the genitals, can cause vulvovaginitis, which means inflammation of the vulva and the vagina.
The infection is usually caused by Candida albicans, a yeast-type fungus, and it sometimes occurs after administration of antibiotics for a bacterial infection, or when immunity is suppressed.

Answer 464

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Is also called Monilia, and the infection is sometimes called moniliasis.

Answer 465

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Are external parasites, and her sometimes included with STDs, because they can be transmitted by sexual contact. They are also transmitted by close contact with contaminated objects, such as linens.

they are commonly called crab lice, and are primarily infest the pubic region, but are also found in armpits, beards, eyebrows, and eyelashes.

Answer 466

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Relax, smooth muscle in the prostate to improve urinary flow

doxazosin (Cardura)
tamsulosin (Flomax)
terazosin (Hytrin)

Answer 467

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decrease significant androgen hormone levels to treat benign prosthetic hyperplasia

dutasteride (Avodart)
finasteride (Proscar)

Answer 468

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Treat HIV infection (subtype of antivirals)

didanosine (Videx)
efavirenz (Sustiva)
lamivudine (Epivir)
ribavirin (Virazole)
ritonavir (Norvir)
zidovudine (Retrovir)

Answer 469

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Block conversion of androgen hormones to estrogens to treat breast or ovarian cancer

anastrozole (Arimidex)
exemestane (Aromasin)
letrozole (Femara)

Answer 470

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S: Estrogen and progestin combination (or progestin alone) hormone therapy used to prevent pregnancy

Various routes of administration: Oral, transdermal, intrauterine, vaginal, or by injection
drospirenone/ethinyl estradiol (Yaz) medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera)
norelgestromin/ethinyl estradiol (Xulane)
norethindrone (Micronor)
norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol (Ortho Tri-Cyclen)

Answer 471

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Female hormones used for contraception or hormone replacement therapy, usually in combination with progestins

conjugated estrogens (Premarin)
estradiol (Estrace, combination products)
estropipate (Ogen)

Answer 472

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Increase blood flow to penis to treat erectile dysfunction

alprostadil (Caverject)
sildenafil (Viagra)
tadalafil (Cialis)

Answer 473

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Fertility drugs used to promote ovulation

bromocriptine (Parlodel)
chorionic gonadotropin (Pregnyl)
clomiphene (Clomid)
follitropin alfa (Follistim AQ)

Answer 474

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Stimulate uterine contractions to promote laboror suppress postpartum uterine bleeding; also called uterotonics

methylergonovine (Methergine)
oxytocin (Pitocin)

Answer 475

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Progesterone hormones used for contraception or hormone replacement therapy, usually in combination with estrogens; or to
treat menstrual disorders, endometriosis, or infertility

levonorgestrel (Mirena, combination products)
medroxyprogesterone (Provera)
norgestimate (in combination, e.g., Ortho Tri-Cyclen)

Answer 476

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Suppress uterine contractions to stop premature labor

indomethacin (Indocin)
magnesium sulfate (*no brand name)
terbutaline (Brethine)

Answer 477

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Is laparoscopic removal of the uterus

Answer 478

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is the thin membrane that lines the chorion (fetal part of placenta) and contains the fetus and amniotic fluid

Answer 479

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Means pertaining to the cervix uteri

Answer 480

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Involves inflammation of a testicle

Answer 481

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A woman who has produced more than one child

Answer 482

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Absence of sperm production

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